Facultative social exploitation among Myxoccocus bacteria due to non-responsive local competition

Abstract

Microbes cooperate in many ways, but it is unclear to what extent they also have adaptations to detect and exploit unrelated social partners. Experimental data often cannot discriminate between social exploitation caused by complex adaptive traits and exploitation caused by simple deleterious mutations. Here we demonstrate facultative social exploitation among Myxococcus bacteria due to simple non-responsive local competition. We show that the time dynamics of developmental exploitation by a tan phase variant are consistent with a model where cells do not respond to the presence of other genotypes but simply compete for some shared resource necessary to produce spores. The model also predicts the frequency-dependent responses of strains to genetic chimerism in multicellular fruiting bodies. Interactions between naturally occuring soil isolates, on the other hand, are consistent with strong interference competition where the winner almost completely prevents the loser from producing any spores. These results show how facultative social exploitation does not require elaborate mechanisms to detect and respond to foreign genotypes but can instead be caused by simple competition acting on a local scale. Myxococcus cells, like social insects, cooperate in some ways while simultaneously competing in others.