Neuromodulation of pelvic nerve during early phase of spinal cord injury in rats using implantable prototype devices - a preliminary study.

Abstract

ObjectivesThe bladder becomes retentive during the early phase of spinal cord injury, and requires proper bladder management to prevent damage to the lower urinary tract and kidney. We investigated the effects of on-demand pelvic nerve stimulation on the areflexive bladder during the earliest phase of complete spinal cord injury in rats and the use of pelvic nerve signals as a proxy to estimate intravesical pressure for closed-loop applications.\n\nMaterials and MethodsIn order to stimulate the pelvic nerves in female Sprague-Dawley rats with complete spinal cord transection (T7 level), a flexible electrode was implanted unilaterally on pelvic nerve, and electrical stimulation was provided by a custom-built nerve stimulator. Stimulation-evoked voiding was monitored in the awake state while size, capacity and spontaneous contractions of the bladder were analysed under anaesthesia. Separately, recordings of the pelvic nerve signals, external urethral sphincter activity and intravesical pressure were performed in animals with intact and transected spinal cord under anaesthesia.\n\nResultsSuccessful pelvic nerve stimulation enabled more frequent voiding, reduced overdistension of bladder, and preserved non-voiding spontaneous bladder contractions. Typical bladder management protocol for SCI rats (manual expression every 8 - 12 hours) resulted in more severe bladder overdistention. Signal processing of the recorded extraneural pelvic nerve signals successfully reconstructed changes in intravesical pressure, demonstrating their use in estimating the fullness and contractions of the bladder.\n\nConclusionsThe preliminary results suggest that pelvic nerve stimulators can serve as an alternative method for frequent emptying of the areflexive bladder. Simultaneous recording of the same pelvic nerve will be useful for development of a closed-loop neuroprosthesis.