Induction of the nicotinamide riboside kinase NAD+ salvage pathway in skeletal muscle of H6PDH KO mice

Abstract

BackgroundHexose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase (H6PDH) is a generator of NADPH in the Endoplasmic/Sarcoplasmic Reticulum (ER/SR). Interaction of H6PDH with 11{beta}-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 provides NADPH to support oxo-reduction of inactive to active glucocorticoids, but the wider understanding of H6PDH in ER/SR NAD(P)(H) homeostasis is incomplete. Muscle specific lack of H6PDH results in a deteriorating skeletal myopathy, altered glucose homeostasis, ER stress and activation of the unfolded protein response. Here we further assess muscle responses to H6PDH deficiency to delineate pathways that may underpin myopathy and link SR redox status to muscle wide metabolic adaptation.\n\nMethodsWe analysed skeletal muscle from H6PDH knockout (H6PDKO), H6PDH and NRK2 double knockout (DKO) and wild-type (WT) mice. H6PDKO mice were supplemented with the NAD+ precursor nicotinamide riboside. Skeletal muscle samples were subject to biochemical analysis including NAD(H) measurement, LC/MS based metabolomics, Western immunoblotting, and high resolution mitochondrial respirometry. Genetic and supplement models were assessed for degree of myopathy compared to H6PDKO.\n\nResultsH6PDKO skeletal muscle showed adaptations in the routes regulating nicotinamide and NAD+ biosynthesis, with significant activation of the Nicotinamide Riboside Kinase 2 (NRK2) pathway. Associated with changes in NAD+ biosynthesis H6PDKO muscle had impaired mitochondrial respiratory capacity with altered mitochondrial acylcarnitine and acetyl CoA metabolism. Boosting NAD+ levels through the NRK2 pathway using the precursor nicotinamide riboside had no effect to mitigate ER stress and dysfunctional mitochondrial respiratory capacity or Acetyl-CoA metabolism. Similarly, H6PDKO/NRK2 double KO mice did not display an exaggerated timing or severity of myopathy or overt change in mitochondrial metabolism despite depression of NAD+ availability.\n\nConclusionsThese findings suggest a complex metabolic response to changes to muscle SR NADP(H) redox status that result in impaired mitochondrial energy metabolism and activation of cellular NAD+ salvage pathways. It is possible that SR can sense and signal perturbation in NAD(P)(H) that cannot be rectified in the absence of H6PDH. Whether NRK2 pathway activation is a direct response to changes in SR NAD(P)(H) availability or adaptation to deficits in metabolic energy availability remains to be resolved.