Three stages in the development of the cyst wall of the eye pathogen Acanthamoeba castellanii

Abstract

When deprived of nutrients, trophozoites of the eye pathogen Acanthamoeba castellanii make a cyst wall, which contains cellulose and has two layers connected by cone-shaped ostioles. We recently showed chitin is also present and identified three sets of lectins, which localize to the ectocyst layer (Jonah lectin) or the endocyst layer and ostioles (Luke and Leo lectins). To determine how the cyst wall is made, we examined encysting protists using structured illumination microscopy, probes for glycopolymers, and tags for lectins. In the first stage (3 to 9 hr), cellulose, chitin, and a Jonah lectin were each made in dozens of encystation-specific vesicles. In the second stage (12 to 18 hr), a primordial wall contained both glycopolymers and Jonah lectin, while small, flat ostioles were outlined by a Luke lectin. In the third stage (24 to 36 hr), an ectocyst layer enriched in Jonah lectin was connected to an endocyst layer enriched in Luke and Leo lectins by large, conical ostioles. Jonah and Luke lectins localized to the same places in mature cyst walls (72 hr) independent of the timing of expression. The Jonah lectin and the glycopolymer bound by the lectin were accessible in the ectocyst layer of mature walls. In contrast, Luke and Leo lectins and glycopolymers bound by the lectins were mostly inaccessible in the endocyst layer and ostioles. These results show that cyst wall formation is a tightly choreographed event, in which glycopolymers and lectins combine to form a mature wall with a protected endocyst layer. ImportanceWhile the cyst wall of Acanthamoeba castellanii, cause of eye infections, contains cellulose like plants and chitin like fungi, it is a temporary, protective structure, analogous to spore coats of bacteria. We showed here that, unlike plants and fungi, A. castellanii makes cellulose and chitin in encystation-specific vesicles. The outer and inner layers of cyst walls, which resemble the primary and secondary walls of plant cells, respectively, are connected by unique structures (ostioles) that synchronously develop from small, flat circles to large, conical structures. Cyst wall proteins, which are lectins that bind cellulose and chitin, localize to inner or outer layers independent of the timing of expression. Because of its abundance and accessibility in the outer layer, the Jonah lectin is an excellent target for diagnostic antibodies. A description of the sequence of events during cyst wall development is a starting point for mechanistic studies of its assembly.