Bone-Inspired Microarchitectured Materials with Enhanced Fatigue Life

Abstract

Microarchitectured materials achieve superior mechanical properties through geometry rather than composition 1-4. Although lightweight, high-porosity microarchitectured materials can have high stiffness and strength, stress concentrations within the microstructure can cause flaw intolerance under cyclic loading 5,6, limiting fatigue life. However, it is not known how microarchitecture contributes to fatigue life. Naturally occurring materials can display exceptional mechanical performance and are useful models for the design of microarchitectured materials 7,8. Cancellous bone is a naturally occurring microarchitectured material that often survives decades of habitual cyclic loading without failure. Here we show that resistance to fatigue failure in cancellous bone is sensitive to the proportion of material oriented transverse to applied loads - a 30% increase in density caused by thickening transversely oriented struts increases fatigue life by 10-100 times. This finding is surprising in that transversely oriented struts have negligible effects on axial stiffness, strength and energy absorption. The effects of transversely oriented material on fatigue life are also present in synthetic lattice microstructures. In both cancellous bone and synthetic microarchitectures, the fatigue life can be predicted using the applied cyclic stress after adjustment for apparent stiffness and the proportion of the microstructure oriented transverse to applied loading. In the design of microarchitectured materials, stiffness, strength and energy absorption is often enhanced by aligning the microstructure in a preferred direction. Our findings show that introduction of such anisotropy, by reducing the amount of material oriented transverse to loading, comes at the cost of reduced fatigue life. Fatigue failure of durable devices and components generates substantial economic costs associated with repair and replacement. As advancements in additive manufacturing expand the use of microarchitectured materials to reusable devices including aerospace applications, it is increasingly necessary to balance the need for fatigue life with those of strength and density.