Design and characterisation of mutant and wild-type huntingtin proteins produced from a toolkit of scalable eukaryotic expression systems

Harding, R. J.; Loppnau, P.; Ackloo, S.; Lemak, A.; Hutchinson, A.; Hunt, B.; Holehouse, A.; Ho, J.; Fan, L.; Toledo-Sherman, L.; Seitova, A.; Arrowsmith, C.

doi:10.1101/492215

bioRxiv · 10.1101/492215

Design and characterisation of mutant and wild-type huntingtin proteins produced from a toolkit of scalable eukaryotic expression systems

Harding, R. J.·Loppnau, P.·Ackloo, S.·Lemak, A.·Hutchinson, A.·Hunt, B.·Holehouse, A.·Ho, J.·Fan, L.·Toledo-Sherman, L.·Seitova, A.·Arrowsmith, C.

View original source ↗Export metadata ↓

Abstract

The gene mutated in Huntingtons disease (HD) patients encodes the 348 kDa huntingtin (HTT) protein. The pathogenic HD CAG-expansion mutation causes a polyglutamine (polyQ) tract at the N-terminus of the HTT protein to expand above a critical threshold of ~35 glutamine residues. The effect of HD mutations on HTT is not well understood, in part due to difficulties in carrying out biochemical, biophysical and structural studies of this large protein. To facilitate such studies, we have generated expression constructs for the scalable production of HTT in multiple eukaryotic expression systems. Our set of HTT expression clones comprises both N and C-terminally FLAG-tagged HTT constructs with polyQ lengths representative of the general population, HD patients, juvenile HD patients as well as the more extreme polyQ expansions used in some HD tissue and animal models. These reagents yield milligram quantities of pure recombinant HTT protein, including many of the previously mapped posttranslational modifications. We have characterised both apo and HTT-HAP40 complex samples produced using this HD resource, demonstrating that this toolkit can be used to generate physiologically meaningful complexes of HTT. We demonstrate how these resources can produce sufficient material for protein-intensive experiments such as small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS), providing biochemical insight into HTT protein structure. The work outlined in this manuscript and the tools generated, lay a foundation for further biochemical and structural work on the HTT protein and its functional interactions with other biomolecules.

Source connections

Published article ↗

Explore related subjects

biochemistry Preprint

Keep this discovery

Explore connections, maps & timelines

BibTeX RIS

Harding, R. J., Loppnau, P., Ackloo, S., Lemak, A., Hutchinson, A., Hunt, B., Holehouse, A., Ho, J., Fan, L., Toledo-Sherman, L., Seitova, A., Arrowsmith, C.. 2018-12-10. Design and characterisation of mutant and wild-type huntingtin proteins produced from a toolkit of scalable eukaryotic expression systems. https://doi.org/10.1101/492215

Cite the original work for its findings. Save a collection to share your selection of sources.

KEEP EXPLORING

Related preprints

bioRxiv2026

Hierarchical cysteine oxidation controls reversible amyloid formation in an ankyrin repeat protein

The formation of amyloids, including functional amyloids, is observed for an increasing number of proteins but the molecular mechanisms that control this structural transition remain poorly understood. Here we report that the kinase inhibitor protein P18 (drP18) from Danio rerio (zebrafish), which contains two cysteine residues, undergoes a complex and hierarchical redox switch that strictly governs reversible amyloid formation. We identify cysteine 50 (C50) acting as a regulatory residue. Upon oxidation, C50 forms an intramolecular disulfide bond with the executioner cysteine 128 (C128), thereby blocking it. C50 can become S-glutathionylated, and upon oxidation, C128 then forms intermolecular disulfides that lead to rapid transition into amyloid fibrils. S-glutathionylation of C50 therefore enables amyloid formation of drP18 and the outcome is oxidant-dependent with diamide, hydrogen peroxide, peroxymonocarbonate and hypothiocyanous acid each leading to amyloid assembly with distinct kinetics and morphologies. These amyloids are fully reversible, where disulfide reduction is leading to disassembly. Whereas monomeric drP18 inhibits CDK4-mediated retinoblastoma phosphorylation, the amyloid conformation abolishes this inhibition, and reduction restores both structure and function. Expression of drP18 in zebrafish embryos yields Congo red-positive, oxidation-dependent aggregates in vivo. Together, our findings show that a regulatory cysteine controls an executioner cysteine to induce reversible, functional amyloid formation, revealing that proteins can encode sophisticated mechanisms to control amyloid assembly.

biochemistry↗

bioRxiv2026

Snapshots from the Catalytic Landscape of Chalcone Isomerase

Chalcone isomerase (CHI) catalyzes the cyclization of 3-ring scaffolds of flavonoids, a class of plant-based natural products important for nutrition and disease prevention. A persistent question has been whether the enzyme uses dynamics to facilitate conformational rearrangements of substrates within the active site. To help resolve this question, CHI was crystallized with phloretin, a flexible substrate analogue that cannot undergo cyclization. The crystal structure possesses eight protein molecules per asymmetric unit, revealing different active site conformations that accommodate different bound conformers of phloretin. Together, the structural snapshots depict a series of coordinated, dynamic chemical interactions that lower barriers to substrate rearrangements approaching bond formation. Differential scanning fluorimetry combined with mutational analysis and enzyme kinetics further confirm that phloretin binds to the enzyme active site and that it acts as a competitive inhibitor of CHI. Together these findings answer outstanding questions about the flexibility and dynamics of CHI catalysis, information that may be useful for future biosynthetic design and enzyme engineering goals. Overall, this work supports a catalytic model in which the CHI enzyme operates as a dynamic ensemble of structures necessary to facilitate catalytic substrate rearrangements.

biochemistry↗

bioRxiv2026

Structures of pUG-fold RNA bound to DNMT1 reveal a mechanism for RNA-mediated epigenetic regulation

Many chromatin-associated proteins have been found to bind RNA as a means of epigenetic regulation. Specifically, DNA methyltransferase 1 (DNMT1), which maintains cytosine methylation at CpG dinucleotides, is inhibited by RNA at transcribed DNA loci in cells. However, the mechanisms by which RNA binds DNMT1 and inhibits its activity remain unknown. Here, we determine a series of cryogenic electron microscopy (cryo-EM) structures of human DNMT1 bound to pUG-fold RNA, a non-canonical G-quadruplex previously observed to inhibit activity, revealing two distinct RNA-binding modes. The pUG-fold RNA binds the surface of DNMT1 in its autoinhibited conformation across a positively charged surface between the methyltransferase domain and the CXXC domain, and it binds directly in the active site of an open DNMT1 conformation. RNA binding is sterically incompatible with substrate DNA engagement in both states. Our 2.5 [A] structure captures the intricate network of hydrogen bonds and electrostatic interactions between amino acids in the methyltransferase domain and the tetrad layers of pUG-fold RNA. Metadynamics molecular dynamics simulations provide an orthogonal view of the conformational landscape of DNMT1, revealing the two distinct RNA-binding modes. Furthermore, our analysis of published DNMT1 RIP-seq and eCLIP-seq data confirms that DNMT1-interacting RNAs in cells exhibit a strong propensity to form non-canonical G-quadruplex RNA structures. Collectively, our study provides the first structural basis for pUG-fold RNA recognition by a protein and illustrates how cryo-EM and AI-based methods for protein and RNA structure prediction synergize to inform the mechanism of RNA-mediated regulation of DNMT1.

biochemistry↗