DEET feet: Aedes aegypti mosquitoes use their tarsi to sense DEET on contact

Abstract

DEET (N, N-diethyl-meta-toluamide) is the most effective and broadly used insect repellent, but its mechanism of action is both complex and controversial [1]. Previous work demonstrated that DEET acts both on insect smell [2-6] and taste [7-11] systems. Its olfactory mode of action requires the odorant co-receptor orco [2, 3, 6], while its gustatory repellency is mediated by activation of bitter taste receptors and neurons in the proboscis upon ingestion [8]. Together, these data have led to the assumption that DEET acts only on olfactory and gustatory pathways. We previously observed that orco mutant female Aedes aegypti mosquitoes are strongly attracted to humans even in the presence of DEET, but are rapidly repelled after contacting DEET-treated skin [6]. To understand the basis of this contact chemorepellency, we carried out a series of behavioral experiments and discovered that DEET acts in three distinct ways: through smell, taste, and contact. DEET and bitter tastants are feeding deterrents when ingested, but only DEET is capable of mediating contact repellency on human skin. We show that the repellent touch of DEET is mediated by the tarsal segments of the legs, and not gustatory neurons in the proboscis as previously believed. This work establishes mosquito leg appendages as the actual sensors of DEET, and highlights the existence of an unknown sensory pathway that is independent of bitter taste. These results will inform the search for novel contact-based insect repellents.\n\nHighlightsO_LIDEET and bitters are both repellent when ingested by Aedes aegypti female mosquitoes\nC_LIO_LIOnly DEET is additionally repellent upon contact\nC_LIO_LIRepellency of DEET on skin is mediated solely by the legs\nC_LIO_LIAny of the three pairs of legs can sense DEET and prevent mosquitoes from biting\nC_LI