Robustness of bristle number to temperature and genetic background varies with bristle type and is regulated by miR-9a.

Abstract

Robustness is the invariance of a given phenotype when faced with a given incoming genetic or environmental variation. Such essential property is being studied in a wide diversity of traits in many organisms but it is difficult to compare the results obtained on the robustness of different traits with each other given the differences that exist between traits in the way they are measured, in their genetic architecture and development. In this study, we assessed robustness of bristle number to incoming genetic and environmental variation for eight bristle types in the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster, allowing for a straightforward comparison of the robustness observed between bristle types. We measured the response of bristle number mean and variance to changes in temperature and in the number of copies of two genes (scute and miR-9a) known to be involved in bristle development. Many combinations between the three factors were tested, thus allowing to test for the effect of each factor in different contexts for the two other factors - to which we refer herein as different backgrounds. We have found different responses between bristle types, suggesting that they present different levels of robustness to the factors tested. In addition, we have found that temperature and miR-9a affect more generally the variance of the traits rather than their means, thus fulfilling a criteria usually admitted to identify robustness factors.