Molecular insights into the pathways underlying naked mole-rat eusociality

Abstract

BackgroundEusociality is the highest level of social organization and naked mole-rats (NMR)s are amongst the few mammals showing this unique social behavior; nevertheless, little is known about the molecular mechanisms underlying the eusociality of NMRs.\n\nResultsGene expression profiling of NMR brain and gonads (ovary and testis), from animals belonging to different reproductive castes, revealed robust gene expression differences between reproductive and non-reproductive members of NMR colonies. In the brain, dopaminergic pathways appear to be potential players in NMR eusocial behaviour. Breeding animals (queens and breeding males) showed increased expression of genes involved in dopamine metabolism. Using immunohistochemistry, we notably found these differences to be in dopaminergic hypothalamic areas, which provide inhibitory control over the secretion of prolactin, amongst other regions. Furthermore, plasma prolactin concentrations were elevated in many non-breeders (of both sexes), often reaching levels exceeding that of pregnant or lactating queens, suggesting a role for hyperprolactinaemia in socially-induced reproductive suppression. We also found that the ovaries of non-breeding females are arrested at pre-pubertal stage. They contained fewer supporting stromal cells compared to queens, and had very low expression of the aromatase gene Cyp19A1 (a key enzyme in estrogen synthesis) compared to non-breeding females. In the testes, genes involved in post meiosis spermatogenesis and sperm maturation (Prm1, Prm2, Odf3 and Akap4) were highly expressed in breeding males compared to non-breeders, explaining the low sperm number and impaired sperm motility characteristic of non-breeding males.\n\nConclusionsOur study suggests that extreme reproductive skew, one of the defining features of eusociality, is associated with changes in expression of key components of dopamine pathways, which could lead to hypogonadism and a lifetime of socially-induced sterility for most NMRs.