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bioRxiv · 10.1101/2025.11.28.691167

Unconventional components complement the cryptic kinetochore of the ciliate Tetrahymena thermophila

Ali, E. I.·Raas, M. W. D.·van Rooijen, L. E.·Sobrevals Alcaraz, P.·Vos, H. R.·Tromer, E. C.·Snel, B.·Kops, G. J. P. L.
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Abstract

The accurate segregation of chromosomes is mediated by kinetochores, multi-protein structures that connect centromeric chromatin to the dynamic microtubules of the spindle apparatus. Comparative genomics surveys predict a complex kinetochore in the last eukaryotic common ancestor (LECA) and recurrent loss or replacement of its subcomplexes across the eukaryotic tree of life. Understanding kinetochore composition and organization in diverse lineages can reveal the trajectories of kinetochore evolution in eukaryotes and aid in dissecting the function of each subcomplex. Tetrahymena thermophila is a unicellular eukaryote of the phylum Ciliophora with a largely elusive kinetochore composition. Here, we leverage proximity proteomics coupled to deep homology detection approaches to identify 16 kinetochore proteins in T. thermophila, dubbed KiTTs (Kinetochore of Tetrahymena thermophila 1-16). We find that nine KiTTs (3-9 + 15-16) are cryptic orthologs of conventional kinetochore proteins that previously remained undetected due to extensive sequence divergence. Four KiTTs (10-13) are not orthologous to known subunits and therefore represent unconventional kinetochore proteins. Super-resolution imaging places three of these novel proteins (KiTT10/11/13) at the inner kinetochore, whereas the fourth (KiTT12) localizes near the MIS12 complex at the outer kinetochore. RNAi-mediated depletion of KiTT12 reduces levels of the outer kinetochore protein KiTT1NDC80 and causes chromosome segregation errors, showcasing a bona fide role at the kinetochore. Our work reveals a unique kinetochore composition in a ciliate, providing new insights into the evolution of an essential cellular protein machine.

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Ali, E. I., Raas, M. W. D., van Rooijen, L. E., Sobrevals Alcaraz, P., Vos, H. R., Tromer, E. C., Snel, B., Kops, G. J. P. L.. 2025-12-01. Unconventional components complement the cryptic kinetochore of the ciliate Tetrahymena thermophila. https://doi.org/10.1101/2025.11.28.691167

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