Exposure to Maternal Pre- and Postnatal Psychological Distress: Associations with Brain Structure in 5-year-old Children

Pulli, E. P.; Audah, H. K.; Svensk, A.; Rosberg, A.; Luotonen, S.; Juntunen, P.; Mariani Wigley, I. L.; Kumpulainen, V.; Silver, E.; Copeland, A.; Saukko, E.; Merisaari, H.; Kataja, E.-L.; Karlsson, L.; Karlsson, H.; Tuulari, J. J.

doi:10.1101/2025.11.24.690168

bioRxiv · 10.1101/2025.11.24.690168

Exposure to Maternal Pre- and Postnatal Psychological Distress: Associations with Brain Structure in 5-year-old Children

Pulli, E. P.·Audah, H. K.·Svensk, A.·Rosberg, A.·Luotonen, S.·Juntunen, P.·Mariani Wigley, I. L.·Kumpulainen, V.·Silver, E.·Copeland, A.·Saukko, E.·Merisaari, H.·Kataja, E.-L.·Karlsson, L.·Karlsson, H.·Tuulari, J. J.

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Abstract

BackgroundMaternal mental health is an important contributor to child neurodevelopment. While there are multiple studies on prenatal exposure, early postnatal exposure has received little attention in neuroimaging research. Methods5-year-old children (n = 173) were recruited from the FinnBrain Birth Cohort study. Maternal distress was assessed using questionnaires on depressive and anxiety symptoms at 14, 24 and 34 gestational weeks and postnatally at 3, 6 and 24 months. T1-weighted structural images were processed using a voxel-based morphometry pipeline to map associations between maternal distress exposure and regional gray matter (GM) volumes, while accounting for potential confounders. ResultsWe found widespread associations between maternal distress symptoms and offspring brain morphology. Higher prenatal distress at 14 gestational weeks was positively associated with regional GM volume in the right superior parietal lobe and precuneus. In contrast, postnatal distress at 3 months was negatively associated with GM volumes in multiple motor regions, the left anterior insula, right superior frontal areas and supramarginal gyrus. Postnatal distress at 6 months demonstrated a positive relationship with GM volumes in the right calcarine and lingual gyri, while distress at 24 months was negatively associated with GM volumes in the left supramarginal and right superior frontal gyri. ConclusionsThis study provides support for hypotheses proposing that fetal and early life exposure to maternal distress can influence the structural development of the brain. Furthermore, it highlights the role of early postnatal period and calls for further research into this so far overlooked period and pathways that explain the associations.

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Pulli, E. P., Audah, H. K., Svensk, A., Rosberg, A., Luotonen, S., Juntunen, P., Mariani Wigley, I. L., Kumpulainen, V., Silver, E., Copeland, A., Saukko, E., Merisaari, H., Kataja, E.-L., Karlsson, L., Karlsson, H., Tuulari, J. J.. 2025-11-25. Exposure to Maternal Pre- and Postnatal Psychological Distress: Associations with Brain Structure in 5-year-old Children. https://doi.org/10.1101/2025.11.24.690168

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