bioRxiv Science⌕ Search
Home/Archive/bioRxiv

bioRxiv · 10.1101/2025.10.05.680499

VirTrack: A Framework for Inferring Viral Influence on Disease-Associated Transcriptomes -- Clinical Type-Specific Epstein-Barr Virus Pathogenesis in Multiple Sclerosis

Onisiforou, A.
View original source ↗Export metadata ↓

Abstract

BackgroundEpstein-Barr virus (EBV) is strongly implicated in Multiple Sclerosis (MS), but how its influence varies across MS clinical types remains unclear. MethodsWe developed VirTrack, a computational framework that integrates experimentally validated EBV-host protein-protein interactions (PPIs) with clinical type-specific peripheral blood transcriptomes from Clinically Isolated Syndrome (CIS), Relapsing Remitting MS (RRMS), Secondary Progressive MS (SPMS), and Primary Progressive MS (PPMS) (GSE136411). VirTrack (i) anchors viral interactions in differentially expressed genes (DEGs), (ii) ranks EBV targeting of DEGs and host hubs, and (iii) applies machine learning- based clustering to identify clinical type-specific functional pathways influenced by EBV. ResultsEBV engagement was clinical type-dependent. In early MS (CIS and RRMS), EBV targeted approximately 13-18% of dysregulated genes, enriching for B-cell-related processes, Toll-like receptor signaling, and infection-like inflammatory pathways, while suppressing antiviral and NF-{kappa}B responses. Progressive clinical types exhibited fewer viral connections but distinct mechanistic shifts: SPMS was characterized by suppression of vascular and cardiac repair-associated pathways, whereas PPMS was dominated by upregulation of vacuolar and lysosomal remodeling processes. Hub analyses revealed a stable core of influential EBV proteins, EBNA-LP (consistently top-ranked), BZLF1, BVLF1, LMP2, and BDLF4, while BNLF2A showed broad but less hub-focused targeting and LMP1 ranked low across types. ConclusionEBV shapes MS through dynamic, clinical type-specific perturbations, driving strong immunomodulation in early disease and selective cellular remodeling during progressive types. VirTrack identifies key viral proteins and host pathways for stage-tailored therapeutic targeting, supporting early EBV-directed interventions and revealing potential links to vascular comorbidity in progressive MS types. More broadly, VirTrack offers a generalizable, systems-level framework for elucidating viral contributions across complex human diseases.

Explore related subjects

bioinformaticsPreprint

Keep this discovery

Explore connections, maps & timelines

BibTeXRIS

Onisiforou, A.. 2025-10-06. VirTrack: A Framework for Inferring Viral Influence on Disease-Associated Transcriptomes -- Clinical Type-Specific Epstein-Barr Virus Pathogenesis in Multiple Sclerosis. https://doi.org/10.1101/2025.10.05.680499

Cite the original work for its findings. Save a collection to share your selection of sources.

KEEP EXPLORING

Related preprints

bioRxiv2026

Comparative functional genomics reveals distributed SERPINE1 like characteristics among Drosophila serpins

Serpins (serine protease inhibitors) regulate proteolytic activity through a suicide-substrate inhibitory mechanism, whereby the serpin covalently traps and inactivates their target protease. Serpins are broadly conserved across eukaryotes, but the evolutionary and functional relationships between human SERPINE1, and Drosophila Serpins in incompletely defined. To identify candidate Drosophila functional analogs of SERPINE1/PAI-1, a multi-omics framework was applied to thoroughly compare the serpins across species. The multi-level analysis integrated orthology prediction, protein sequence and structural characterization, phylogenetic reconstruction, bulk tissue transcriptomics, single-cell transcriptomics, and aging-associated expression analysis. Candidate serpins (Spn42Da, Spn42Db, Spn42Dc, Spn42Dd, Spn28B, and Spn28F) were evaluated using DIOPT, AlphaFold/ChimeraX structural comparisons, reactive center loop analyses, phylogenetic distances, GTEx, Human Protein Atlas, FlyAtlas2, Fly Cell Atlas, and Aging Fly Cell Atlas datasets. Comparative analyses demonstrated full-length sequence and reactive center loop (RCL) divergence despite preservation of the canonical serpin fold. Tissue, cell-type, and age-associated expression analysis revealed distinct candidate-specific patterns. Spn42Dd comparisons uncovered similarities to human SERPINE1 in sequence/structural and broad expression but did not represent the strongest overall cross-species expression correlations. Spn42Da and Spn42Db received the highest cross species integrated support. Quality check of the ranking confirmed that Spn42Da and Spn42Db were stable top candidates across orthology, sequence alignment, and expression domains. The multi-domain analysis was unable to identify a single definitive Drosophila serpin as the closest counterpart to human SERPINE1, indicating that cross-species similarity is distributed across multiple candidate serpins. This study therefore provides a quantitative method for prioritizing potential evolutionary and functional analogs across highly divergent species.

bioinformatics↗
bioRxiv2026

CellChat Hotspot: A Targeted Approach to Cell Cell Communication Analysis With Spatial transcriptomics Validation.

Abstract. In recent years, single cell RNA sequencing (scRNA seq) has enabled the investigation of intercellular communication through Cell Cell Communication (CCC) tools such as CellChat. Despite their potential, these approaches remain challenging to interpret, particularly when global analyses generate complex interaction networks that may include biologically irrelevant signals. To address this limitation, we developed a framework termed CellChat Hotspot, designed to improve the biological interpretability of inferred communication networks. This approach integrates gene set enrichment analysis with a context driven filtering strategy, selecting both genes and cells based on their functional relevance prior to communication inference. Applied to stage II colon cancer data, CellChat Hotspot enabled the identification of condition-specific interaction patterns associated with recurrence. Non recurrent patients showed enrichment of immune related processes, whereas recurrent cases were characterized by pathways associated with invasion and metastasis. Notably, a loss of interaction in the HSPG pathway between CALB1+ and stromal cells was observed in recurrent patients, suggesting a potential disruption of cell matrix adhesion mechanisms. To verify the reliability of this finding, we applied the framework to spatial transcriptomics data, which confirmed the presence of the HSPG2 DAG1 interaction in non-recurrent tumors and its near absence in recurrent ones. Overall, this framework provides a biologically guided strategy for studying intercellular communication in complex systems such as the tumor microenvironment.

bioinformatics↗
bioRxiv2026

DiffTernary: a Diffusion Model for Molecular Glue Ternary Complex Docking

Molecular glues (MGs) modulate protein function by inducing or stabilizing protein interactions. However, accurately modeling MG ternary complexes remains challenging. Here, we present DiffTernary, a diffusion-based docking method for the joint prediction of relative protein arrangement and MG binding pose. We introduce Ternary-PDB, a dataset of 76,702 experimentally determined ternary complexes curated from the Protein Data Bank using structural filters and a release cutoff aligned with AlphaFold 3 (AF3). When trained on this dataset, DiffTernary achieved acceptable protein-protein interaction (PPI) predictions (DockQ > 0.23) for 50.0% of MGBench complexes with a single prediction, compared with 51.1% for AF3. In comparisons with AF3, OpenFold3, ESMFold2, Protenix-v1 and Protenix-v2, DiffTernary ranked second with a best-of-25 PPI prediction success rate of 78.4%, behind ESMFold2 (90.9%) and ahead of AF3 (72.7%). A separate DiffTernary model trained on TernaryDB achieved a mean DockQ of 0.306 on the 94 complexes in the TernaryDB MGD test set with a single prediction, compared with 0.228 for DeepTernary. Confidence-based selection among 40 samples yielded acceptable PPI predictions for 41.5% of complexes, compared with 30.9% for DeepTernary. An E2Former variant increased training and sampling throughput 6.90-fold and 4.37-fold, respectively, under the evaluated configurations. Together, DiffTernary and Ternary-PDB provide an efficient docking approach for MG complex prediction and a valuable structural resource for MG discovery and design.

bioinformatics↗