Manufacture of Clostridioides difficile spores for experimental infection of human volunteers

Hensen, A. D. O.; Harmanus, C.; Voorvelt, C.; Geelen, A. R.; El Hamdioui, M.; Kuijper, E. J.; Pattacini, L.; Schipper, P.; van Amerongen-Westra, I.; Meij, P.; Van der Stoep-Yap, M. Y. E.; Roestenberg, M.; Smits, W. K.

doi:10.1101/2025.09.16.676578

bioRxiv · 10.1101/2025.09.16.676578

Manufacture of Clostridioides difficile spores for experimental infection of human volunteers

Hensen, A. D. O.·Harmanus, C.·Voorvelt, C.·Geelen, A. R.·El Hamdioui, M.·Kuijper, E. J.·Pattacini, L.·Schipper, P.·van Amerongen-Westra, I.·Meij, P.·Van der Stoep-Yap, M. Y. E.·Roestenberg, M.·Smits, W. K.

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Abstract

BackgroundInfections with C. difficile remain a significant global healthcare problem for which novel (preventive) treatment strategies are urgently needed. Controlled human infection models (CHIMs) can contribute to a better understanding of the disease and accelerate (novel) medicinal product development. MethodsA robust production process for C. difficile spores for experimental human administration, was implemented. Direct-release capsules containing viable C. difficile spores were formulated. The manufacturing process aligns with good manufacturing practices (GMP) guidelines, including quality controls and release by a qualified person (QP). ResultsSelected non-toxigenic and toxigenic C. difficile strains were used to create a master cell bank and working cell bank from which multiple batches of purified active substance were produced. Substance was then used to manufacture the final active product. The active product and its intermediate products passed all quality controls for identity, potency, purity and safety, and were individually released by the QP. Stability of active substance and product is confirmed up to 12 months. ConclusionAlthough there are no clear standardized international guidelines for challenge material production, we demonstrate that it is feasible to produce C. difficile human challenge material for small scale application in CHIM trials. This application of GMP principles to an unconventional production process of a bacterial spore-forming anaerobic challenge agent is an example for the production of challenge material as described in the auxiliary medicinal product guidelines of EMA and FDA.

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Hensen, A. D. O., Harmanus, C., Voorvelt, C., Geelen, A. R., El Hamdioui, M., Kuijper, E. J., Pattacini, L., Schipper, P., van Amerongen-Westra, I., Meij, P., Van der Stoep-Yap, M. Y. E., Roestenberg, M., Smits, W. K.. 2025-09-16. Manufacture of Clostridioides difficile spores for experimental infection of human volunteers. https://doi.org/10.1101/2025.09.16.676578

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