Flexible Self-Protection as Evidence of Pain-Like States in House Crickets

Abstract

The possibility that insects experience pain is a frontier question at the intersection of behaviour, cognition, and philosophy of mind. Interest has been fuelled not only by anatomical discoveries but also by expanding behavioural and comparative evidence. Leading frameworks emphasise behavioural indicators of pain-like experience such as flexible, targeted responses to harm beyond reflexive withdrawal. Here we tested for such responses in the house cricket (Acheta domesticus), a species of evolutionary and commercial importance. Using a fully blinded, within-subjects design, we applied noxious heat, innocuous tactile contact, or no contact to a single antenna under lower- and higher-stress environmental conditions and recorded grooming behaviour. Crickets were significantly more likely to groom the noxiously stimulated antenna, and did so for longer, than under control or tactile treatments. Grooming also showed a distinct temporal profile, with elevated activity sustained across the early observation period. Environmental condition and sex had no effect, indicating that self-protective grooming was expressed consistently throughout. These findings provide robust evidence of flexible, site-directed self-protection in Orthoptera, addressing a key gap in evidence for pain-like states outside vertebrates. This strengthens the case for consideration of insect welfare and bears on how felt experience is distributed across the animal kingdom.