Developmental analysis of the cone photoreceptor-less little skate retina

Abstract

The retinal development of elasmobranchs, the subclass comprising sharks, skates, and rays, remains poorly understood. This group is diverse in retinal phenotype, with many sharks and rays possessing rods together with one or more cone types. In contrast, the little skate (Leucoraja erinacea) has only a single rod photoreceptor type, which has been reported to exhibit some physiological and anatomical properties associated with cones. To investigate how this unusual photoreceptor system develops, we first identified an embryonic stage of early photoreceptor formation based on otx2 expression. We then developed a retinal electroporation approach to test whether a onecut1-dependent cone-associated reporter could be activated in the embryonic skate retina. Activation of this reporter was not detected, indicating that the corresponding enhancer is not robustly active under the conditions tested. To assess developmental changes in gene expression, we generated bulk RNA-seq datasets from embryonic, hatchling, and adult retinas. These analyses showed strong embryonic expression of onecut1, increasing expression of rod-associated genes through development, and pseudogenization or loss of multiple cone-enriched genes. We further identified a developmentally regulated onecut1 splice isoform containing an additional 48 amino acid sequence between the CUT and homeodomain DNA-binding domains. This spacer-containing isoform, termed LSOC1X2, was most abundant in the embryonic retina. To test whether LSOC1X2 retained regulatory activity, we assayed it in a mouse retinal reporter system. Both skate Onecut1 isoforms activated the ThrbCRM1 reporter in this heterologous context. Together, these findings identify a novel, developmentally regulated retinal onecut1 isoform in the little skate and establish it as a candidate regulator for future studies of photoreceptor development in this species and its elasmobranch relatives.