bioRxiv Science⌕ Search
Home/Archive/bioRxiv

bioRxiv · 10.1101/2025.07.14.664739

Distinct evolutionary patterns of endemic and emerging parvoviruses, and the origin of a new pandemic virus.

Lopez-Astacio, R. A.·Wasik, B. R.·Lee, H.·Voorhees, I. E.·Weichert, W. S.·Adu, O. F.·Goodman, L. B.·Hafenstein, S. L.·Truyen, U.·Parrish, C. R.
View original source ↗Export metadata ↓

Abstract

Emergence of epidemic viruses in new hosts threatens both human and animal populations, and often involves virus evolution to overcome barriers that normally prevent efficient infection and spread in that host. After transfer the separated viruses will evolve in parallel as they spread within the original and new hosts. Here we examine the details of a virus involved in such a host-jumping event, where we define the natural evolution of feline panleukopenia virus (FPV) over 60 years, clarify the origins of the new pandemic canine parvovirus (CPV) that arose in the 1970s, and compare the separate evolution of those viruses over 47 years in cats or dogs. Several live-attenuated FPV vaccine viruses originated from early 1960s isolates or were a recombinant of an early virus, and many sequences in databases proved to be vaccine-derived. The sequences of wild viruses showed that FPV-like strains evolved at [~]25% the rate seen for CPV in dogs, and the higher rate of CPV evolution was consistent since 1979 when a genetic variant became widespread. The common ancestor of the CPV lineage was related to FPVs from Europe, and contained several unique host-adaptive capsid changes associated with canine transferrin receptor type-1 binding. Although the FPV vaccine strains are around 60 years old, little selection for antigenic variation was observed. The distinct evolutionary patterns of these closely related viruses circulating for decades in different hosts emphasizes the complex evolution associated with viral epidemic emergence and spread in endemic and new hosts. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTComparing the evolution of a virus in its reservoir host with that seen in a new host will reveal the special circumstances that allow epidemic emergence. A feline parvovirus (FPV) jumping to dogs in the mid-1970s formed canine parvovirus (CPV), which has circulated world-wide until today. The evolutionary rate of FPV in its original hosts was much lower than that of CPV in dogs, and the mutational patterns seen in the different hosts were also distinct. Early CPV isolates differed from the ancestral FPV clade in several key host range mutations. These results highlight the complex biology associated with epidemic emergence, including host-specific rates of lineage evolution and complex origins of host-adaptive mutations. (113/120)

Source connections

Explore related subjects

evolutionary biologyPreprint

Keep this discovery

Explore connections, maps & timelines

BibTeXRIS

Lopez-Astacio, R. A., Wasik, B. R., Lee, H., Voorhees, I. E., Weichert, W. S., Adu, O. F., Goodman, L. B., Hafenstein, S. L., Truyen, U., Parrish, C. R.. 2025-07-18. Distinct evolutionary patterns of endemic and emerging parvoviruses, and the origin of a new pandemic virus.. https://doi.org/10.1101/2025.07.14.664739

Cite the original work for its findings. Save a collection to share your selection of sources.

KEEP EXPLORING

Related preprints

bioRxiv2026

Ancestree: unified likelihood inference of ancestral alleles under supplied or inferred genealogies

Inferring ancestral states--determining, at each polymorphic site, which allele is ancestral and which derived--underpins many downstream population-genetic analyses, from selection scans and the unfolded site-frequency spectrum to demographic inference. However, no existing tool uniformly supports the full range of relevant inputs: plain variant data or ancestral recombination graphs (ARGs), with or without outgroups, while accommodating poly-allelic and recurrently-mutated sites. Here we present Ancestree, a likelihood-based engine that unifies these inputs within a single framework and returns full posteriors over the four nucleotide states at every site. It runs in three modes: a fixed-tree mode that assumes a single topology across sites and co-infers the per-branch substitution rates by maximum likelihood; an ARG mode that reads a different local tree at each site directly from a supplied ancestral recombination graph; and a local-tree mode that instead samples those local trees from the genotype data via a pairwise-coalescent HMM, needing no pre-existing ARG. On simulated data, the genealogy-based modes (ARG and local-tree) are more accurate and scale better, and remain robust under outgroup configurations that violate the fixed-tree assumption. Outgroups themselves remain difficult to replace: per-site inference accuracy on ingroup-polymorphic sites is markedly limited without them, and improves substantially with a single outgroup. The hardest sites are those fixed for the derived allele within the ingroup, which carry no within-ingroup signal and so need several sufficiently deep outgroups to recover, yet these are also highly informative downstream, carrying the high-frequency divergence signal on which selection and adaptation analyses often depend. Ancestree is available at github.com/Sendrowski/Ancestree.

evolutionary biology↗
bioRxiv2026

Mapping tsetse fly connectivity in Uganda with machine learning landscape genetics

Introduction - Tsetse flies (genus Glossina) are biting insects that transmit human and animal trypanosomiases across sub-Saharan Africa, and sustainable vector control depends on understanding dispersal barriers and reinvasion routes. Despite major progress toward elimination, Uganda remains at risk for both human forms of the disease (Trypanosoma brucei gambiense and T. b. rhodesiense) and planners still lack reliable maps of tsetse movement and reinvasion risk. Methods and Results - We address this gap with machine-learning landscape genetics and species distribution models, integrating estimates of population genetic distance and geospatial environmental data to predict and map Glossina fuscipes fuscipes connectivity across Uganda and western Kenya. Inputs included microsatellite genotypes from 11 loci genotyped in 2,736 flies sampled from 87 localities and remotely sensed environmental predictors summarized along least-cost paths. Random forest models predicted patterns of genetic differentiation better than distance-only models, supporting the use of a machine-learning framework for connectivity inference across complex heterogeneous landscapes, and identified variables related to temperature and water availability as the strongest predictors of genetic connectivity. Conclusions - Combining landscape genetics predictions of connectivity with a species distribution model revealed regions with high habitat suitability but low connectivity that represent priority zones for area-wide integrated pest management strategies, including established riverine control tools such as tiny targets and other targeted interventions aimed at reducing reinvasion risk. These results provide biologically interpretable maps and quantitative uncertainty metrics that can guide targeted tsetse control, while providing a transferable analytical pipeline for modeling and mapping genetic connectivity across other species and landscapes.

evolutionary biology↗
bioRxiv2026

Conserved genes with variable expression and function: Vasa, Piwi, and Dnmt1 in Oncopeltus fasciatus gametogenesis

The production of gametes is one of the universal processes of life and given millennia of evolution many of the core genes involved are expected to be highly refined and resistant to change. Here we examine the pattern of expression and functionally characterize three genes widely involved in gametogenesis: Vasa, Piwi, and Dnmt1. We examine their cellular location during both oogenesis and spermatogenesis in Oncopeltus fasciatus, a hemipteran insect, using fluorescent in situ hybridization chain reaction. In females, expression of Piwi was restricted to the trophocytes, but Vasa and Dnmt1 were expressed in developing ooctyes as well as the trophoctyes. In males, Piwi was expressed in the testis germline stem cells (GSCs), but Vasa and Dnmt1 expression was absent from these cells. Additionally, Piwi and Vasa were expressed in secondary spermatogonia and spermatocytes while Dnmt1 was predominantly expressed in the primary spermatogonia. We also functionally characterized their necessity for gametogenesis after RNAi-mediated gene expression knockdown. Vasa was not required for oogenesis but was required during spermatogenesis. Piwi and Dnmt1 were required for both oogenesis and spermatogenesis. These results were in contrast to their requirement for these processes from other organisms, which highlight the unexpected variation found in the processes and suggest that conservation depends on the level at which genes are examined: sequence, expression, or phenotypic and biochemical function. This suggests there is a more nuanced evolutionary story of conserved, yet plastic, gametogenic gene set in Metazoa that deserves further study across more organisms.

evolutionary biology↗