NiCLIP: Neuroimaging contrastive language-image pretraining model for predicting text from brain activation images

Abstract

Predicting cognitive processes from brain activation maps has remained an open question within the neuroscience community for many years. Meta-analytic functional decoding methods aim to tackle this issue by providing a quantitative estimation of behavioral profiles associated with specific brain regions. Existing methods face intrinsic challenges in neuroimaging meta-analysis, particularly in consolidating textual information from publications, as they rely on limited metrics that do not capture the semantic context of the text. The combination of large language models (LLMs) with advanced deep contrastive learning models (e.g., CLIP) for aligning text with images has revolutionized neuroimaging meta-analysis, potentially offering solutions to functional decoding challenges. In this work, we present NiCLIP, a contrastive language-image pretrained model that predicts cognitive tasks, concepts, and domains from brain activation patterns. We leveraged over 23,000 neuroscientific articles to train a CLIP model for text-to-brain association. Evaluation of NiCLIP predictions revealed that performance is optimized when using full-text articles instead of abstracts, as well as a curated cognitive ontology with precise task-concept-domain mappings. Furthermore, domain-specific fine-tuned LLMs (e.g., BrainGPT models) show numerically similar performance to their base LLM counterparts. Our results indicated that NiCLIP accurately predicts cognitive tasks from group-level activation maps provided by the Human Connectome Project across multiple domains (e.g., emotion, language, motor) and precisely characterizes the functional roles of specific brain regions, including the amygdala, hippocampus, and temporoparietal junction. However, NiCLIP showed limitations with noisy subject-level activation maps. NiCLIP represents a significant advancement in quantitative functional decoding for neuroimaging, offering researchers a powerful tool for hypothesis generation and scientific discovery.