Condensin I confers Stiffness and Centromeric Cohesion to Mitotic Chromosomes

Abstract

When cells divide, the newly replicated sister chromatids must be segregated evenly to the daughter cells. During mitosis, mechanical force is applied by spindle microtubules in 2 ways: first by pushing on chromosome arms to promote chromosome congression to the cell equator in metaphase, and then by pulling on kinetochores to promote sister chromatid disjunction during anaphase. For segregation to proceed faithfully, the pliable interphase chromatin must be transformed into stiff mitotic chromosomes able to withstand these forces. However, it is unclear how the cell establishes chromosome stiffness and what the consequences are for dividing cells if this stiffness is disrupted. Many of the structural changes imposed on chromosomes in mitosis are driven by Condensin complexes, in conjunction with Topoisomerase II. Here, we have combined rapid protein depletion and live cell imaging with in-depth mechanical characterization of purified mitotic chromosomes to probe the roles of Condensins I and II in the establishment and maintenance of the mechanical strength of mitotic chromosomes. We show that Condensin I, but not Condensin II, is required to establish chromosome stiffness and chromatin elasticity, and yet ceases to be required for the maintenance of these properties once chromosome formation has been completed. Nevertheless, depletion of Condensin I from already formed chromosomes still impacts centromeric chromatin and leads to a loss of sister centromere cohesion. We propose that the extensive chromatin loop network established by Condensin I is locked in place by Topoisomerase II mediated DNA catenation.