Deletion of a KSF Motif Attenuates NSP1 Host Cell Translation Shutoff and Impairs SARS-CoV-2 Virulence

Abstract

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the causative agent of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), triggered a global pandemic with profound social and economic consequences. The viral spike (S) protein has been identified as a key determinant of SARS-CoV-2 pathogenicity. In this study, we demonstrate that the Omicron BA.4 and BA.5 variants, which have closely related S proteins, exhibit different virulence in K18-hACE2 transgenic mice. A comparison of genomic sequences revealed key differences between variants BA.4 and BA.5, including a three amino acid deletion ({Delta}KSF) in the linker region of the non-structural protein 1 (NSP1) in BA.4. Using reverse genetic systems, we engineered a recombinant (r)SARS-CoV-2 BA.5 expressing BA.4 NSP1, which was significantly attenuated in vivo, similar to the natural BA.4 isolate, compared to rBA.5 wild-type (WT). This finding indicates that NSP1 is responsible, at least in part, for the differences in virulence between BA.4 and BA.5. Mechanistically, BA.4 NSP1 showed a reduced ability to inhibit host gene translation compared to BA.5 NSP1. Notably, a rSARS-CoV-2 WA1 original strain containing the same {Delta}KSF in NSP1 was also attenuated in vivo compared to rWA1 WT. Together, these findings highlight the contributions of the NSP1 linker region to inhibiting host gene expression and SARS-CoV-2 pathogenicity, as well as the feasibility of targeting NSP1 for the rational design of live-attenuated vaccines and/or antivirals. IMPORTANCEUnderstanding why some SARS-CoV-2 variants cause more severe disease than others is crucial for proper management or for the rational design of prophylactic and therapeutic treatments. While most studies focus on the spike (S) protein, we found that another viral protein, NSP1, also plays a key role in disease severity among SARS-CoV-2 variants. A small deletion in NSP1, present in the Omicron BA.4 variant, weakens the virus ability to shut down the hosts immune response, making BA.4 less severe than BA.5. When we introduced the same deletion into the original SARS- CoV-2 WA1 strain, the virus also became less harmful. This discovery suggests that NSP1 is an important virulence factor and supports the feasibility of targeting NSP1 for the development of new prophylactic and therapeutic treatments against SARS-CoV-2. By uncovering NSP1s role in pathogenesis, our study provides insights that could help in designing better strategies to combat future variants of SARS-CoV-2.