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bioRxiv · 10.1101/2025.04.15.648814

OPTIMIZING AN EXOTENDON AT AN INCREASED RUNNING SPEED

Stingel, J.·Bianco, N. A.·Ong, C.·Hicks, J. L.·Delp, S.
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Abstract

The exotendon is a passive device that reduces the energetic cost of running at 2.7 m/s, but its potential benefits at higher speeds remain unknown. Experimental testing is challenging because of the wide range of conditions that must be tested. Here, we use muscle-driven simulations to overcome this challenge and inform exotendon design. We validated a simulation framework that estimates changes in energy expenditure, body kinematics, and muscle activations when simulated subjects run with and without an exotendon. Simulations of people running at 4 m/s with the exotendon that saved energy at 2.7 m/s predicted a 10% reduction in energy cost compared to natural running. We then performed simulations of 25 designs and found that many of the designs saved energy. A longer, stiffer exotendon yielded slightly greater energy savings (12%). Longer and more compliant exotendons offered little savings. We plan to test a limited set of our simulation predictions in an experiment to evaluate their accuracy and assess how an exotendon impacts running performance at 4 m/s. The purpose of this paper is to present the simulation results and to make predictions about the performance of the runner-exotendon system in experiments. This paper has been posted before the experiments have begun to avoid informing the predictions from the experimental results.

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Stingel, J., Bianco, N. A., Ong, C., Hicks, J. L., Delp, S.. 2025-04-21. OPTIMIZING AN EXOTENDON AT AN INCREASED RUNNING SPEED. https://doi.org/10.1101/2025.04.15.648814

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