Characterization and targeting of the endosomal signaling of the gastrin releasing peptide receptor in pruritus.

Abstract

Chronic pruritus is a major unmet clinical problem affecting one in four adults. G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are key receptors driving itch signaling and are a therapeutic target for itch relief. The endosomal signaling of GPCRs provides new challenges for understanding how GPCR signaling is regulated, how endosomal signaling of GPCRs contributes to disease states like chronic pruritus and opens new targets for therapeutic development. The Gastrin releasing peptide receptor (GRPR) is a key mediator of pruritus in the spinal cord. Yet, little is known about the molecular mechanisms regulating GRPR signaling in pruritus, if GRPR can signal from endosomes, or the role of endosomal GRPR in the development of pruritus. Here we show the importance of internalization and endosomal signaling of GRPR in pruritus. Agonist induced GRPR internalization and trafficking was quantified using BRET or microscopy while endosomal-mediated ERK signaling was measured using compartmentalized FRET biosensors. Recruitment of G proteins to endosomes was measured with NanoBit BRET. pH sensitive mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSN) which accumulated in endosomes were used to deliver RC-3095, a GRPR specific antagonist, intracellularly to block endosomal signaling of GRPR. MSN-RC proved more effective than free RC-3095 at inhibiting chloroquine scratching in mice. Our results demonstrate a critical role for GRPR endosomal signaling in itch sensation. These results highlight the ability of endosomally targeted antagonist to inhibit GRPR signaling and provide a new target for developing therapeutics that block GRPR mediated pruritus. Significance StatementGPCRs are dynamic signaling receptors that can continue to signal following internalization and trafficking to endosomes. Using subcellular targeted BRET and FRET based biosensors we can quantify the recruitment of signaling partners like G proteins and arrestins to GRPR from the endosomal compartment. Inhibition of clathrin and dynamin mediated endocytosis allowed to differentiate plasma membrane vs endosomal signaling of GRPR. pH sensitive nanoparticles loaded with the GRPR antagonist RC-3095 are endocytosed to the endosomal network where they specifically target and block endosomal GRPR signaling. Intrathecal injection of RC-3095 loaded nanoparticles blocked chloroquine induced scratching behavior in mice. Thus, intracellular GRPR drives itch sensation and targeted inhibition of intracellular GRPR signaling is a more effective strategy to treat pruritus.