Actions of the Anti-Seizure Drug Carbamazepine in the Thalamic Reticular Nucleus: Potential Mechanism of Aggravating Absence Seizures

Abstract

Carbamazepine (CBZ) is a widely used antiepileptic drug effective in managing partial and generalized tonic-clonic seizures. Despite its established therapeutic efficacy, CBZ has been reported to worsen seizures in another form of epilepsy, generalized absence seizures, in both clinical and experimental settings. In this study, we focused on thalamic reticular (RT) neurons, which regulate thalamocortical network activity in absence seizures, to investigate whether CBZ alters their excitability, thereby contributing to the exacerbation of seizures. Using ex vivo whole-cell patch-clamp electrophysiology, we found that CBZ selectively inhibits the tonic firing of RT neurons in a dose-dependent manner without affecting burst firing. At the RT-thalamocortical (RT-TC) synapse, CBZ significantly increases the failure rate of GABAergic synaptic transmission, with greater effects on somatostatin (SST) - than parvalbumin (PV) - expressing RT neurons. In vivo EEG recordings and open-field behavior in Scn8amed+/- mouse model confirmed that CBZ treatment exacerbates absence seizures, increasing both seizure frequency and duration while reducing locomotor activity. In addition, CBZ further amplifies the pre-existing reduction in tonic firing of RT in Scn8amed+/- mice. These findings uncover a novel mechanism by which CBZ exacerbates absence seizures through selective inhibition of RT neuron excitability and disruption of GABAergic synaptic transmission. This work provides mechanistic insights into the paradoxical effects of CBZ and suggest potential avenues for optimizing epilepsy treatment strategies. Scientific SignificanceThis study addresses the clinical paradox in which CBZ, a widely prescribed antiepileptic drug, paradoxically aggravates absence seizures. Understanding the cellular mechanisms behind this phenomenon is critical for improving epilepsy treatments. Here, using electrophysiology recordings from intact thalamocortical slices and SCN8amed+/- mice, an absence seizure animal model, we demonstrate that CBZ selectively inhibits tonic firing of RT neurons and their output to thalamocortical circuits, with a more pronounced effect in SCN8amed+/- mice. These novel findings provide a mechanistic explanation for CBZs paradoxical aggravation of absence seizures, offering a framework for understanding the pharmacological effects of other anti-epilepsy drugs and guiding the development of more effective therapeutic strategies for epilepsy.