bioRxiv Science⌕ Search
Home/Archive/bioRxiv

bioRxiv · 10.1101/2025.01.24.634664

The receptor-like kinases BIR1 and BIR3 modulates antiviral resistance by different mechanisms

Robinson, C.·Guzman-Benito, I.·Sede, A. R.·Elvira-Gonzalez, L.·Hua, C.·Ciska, M.·Nurnberger, T.·Heinlein, M.·Llave, C.
View original source ↗Export metadata ↓

Abstract

The BAK1-INTERACTING RECEPTOR-LIKE KINASE (BIR) proteins, including BIR1, are negative regulators of cell death and defense in Arabidopsis. Although BIR1 is upregulated during viral infections, its role in virus defense remains unclear. Here, we demonstrate a conserved role for the BIR family as modulators of antiviral resistance in Arabidopsis. During tobacco rattle virus (TRV) infection, BIR gene expression is regulated by antagonistic interactions between salicylic acid (SA) and jasmonic acid (JA) signaling pathways. Genetic evidence shows that BIR1, BIR2, and BIR3 negatively regulate TRV resistance via distinct mechanisms. The antiviral phenotype in bir1-1 mutants is unaffected by mutations in the receptor-like kinases (RLK) BAK1, SOBIR1, or in the lipase-like PAD4. While BIR1 induction partially suppresses PTI marker gene expression, it does not affect early PTI responses such as reactive oxygen species (ROS) production or ethylene accumulation. BIR1 also inhibits plasmodesmata (PD) callose deposition and facilitates virus spread. Our data suggest that BIR1 modulates antiviral defense through mechanisms that include PTI gene expression, PD callose deposition alongside yet unidentified pathways independent of ROS or BAK1, SOBIR1, or PAD4 signaling components. In contrast, BIR3 suppresses an antiviral resistance pathway against TRV that requires BAK1 and the lipases PAD4 and EDS1. Our results suggest that BIR3 controls an NLR-dependent ETI-like response that restricts virus proliferation without triggering a hypersensitive response. These findings highlight the distinct roles of BIR family members in regulating antiviral defense in Arabidopsis.

Source connections

Explore related subjects

plant biologyPreprint

Keep this discovery

Explore connections, maps & timelines

BibTeXRIS

Robinson, C., Guzman-Benito, I., Sede, A. R., Elvira-Gonzalez, L., Hua, C., Ciska, M., Nurnberger, T., Heinlein, M., Llave, C.. 2025-01-26. The receptor-like kinases BIR1 and BIR3 modulates antiviral resistance by different mechanisms. https://doi.org/10.1101/2025.01.24.634664

Cite the original work for its findings. Save a collection to share your selection of sources.

KEEP EXPLORING

Related preprints

bioRxiv2026

MpILR1 Hydrolyzes Jasmonate-Amino Acid Conjugates to Activate dn-iso-OPDA Signaling in Marchantia polymorpha.

Jasmonates are essential phytohormones that coordinate defense responses and developmental programs across land plants. In angiosperms, the active jasmonate ligand jasmonoyl-L-isoleucine (JA-Ile), is produced through GH3-mediated conjugation of jasmonic acid to isoleucine and JA-Ile homeostasis is further shaped by ILR1/ILL-family amidohydrolases. In contrast, the primary bioactive jasmonate ligand in bryophytes, dinor-12-oxo-phytodienoic acid (dn-iso-OPDA), is inactivated through conjugation with amino acids, raising the question of whether these conjugates constitute a reversible hormone reservoir or an irreversible catabolic end point. Although the ILR1-like family has been characterized extensively for its role in auxin and jasmonate homeostasis in angiosperms, its function in bryophytes remains basically unexplored. Here we show that MpILR1, the sole Marchantia ortholog of the ILR1/ILL family, hydrolyzes a specific subset of dn-iso-OPDA-amino acid conjugates in vivo. Loss-of-function Mpilr1 mutants exhibit enhanced accumulation of dn-iso-OPDA conjugated to hydrophobic amino acids (Val, Leu and Ile) but not to hydrophilic residues (His, Glu and Gln), demonstrating substrate-selective hydrolysis. MpILR1 hydrolytic activity is required for full dn-iso-OPDA-mediated responses, including transcriptional activation and defense against gastropod herbivory. These findings establish MpILR1 as a key positive regulator of jasmonate signaling in Marchantia polymorpha and suggest that hormone conjugation/deconjugation is an ancient regulatory mechanism evolved during plant terrestrialization.

plant biology↗
bioRxiv2026

Drought-Spec-Net: Early Tomato Drought Detection and Potential Yield-Impact Assessment Using Vis NIR Data

Drought stress significantly reduces tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) productivity, and early detection is critical to minimize yield losses through timely interventions. In this study, we developed Drought-Spec-Net, a hybrid 1D convolutional neural network that integrates local and global spectral feature extraction to detect early drought stress from visible and near infrared (Vis NIR) spectra data of tomato seedlings. The model was trained on 378 samples using an 80:20 train test split, with 20% of the training set reserved for validation. DroughtSpecNet outperformed the evaluated baseline and state of the art models, achieving 97% accuracy, 95% precision, 98% recall, and an F1 score of 97%. To improve the agronomic interpretation of the model outputs, predicted drought probabilities were converted into a literature-informed potential yield impact indicator using a maximum impact level of 60%. On the test set (76 samples), mapped potential yield-impact values ranged from 0% to 60%, with an average reduction of 12.97%. We also conducted an initial experiment using our greenhouse RGB dataset, collected daily from drought treated and well-watered tomato plants at West Virginia State University (WVSU). From this dataset, 44 images were selected for ilastik-based canopy segmentation, producing plant-level drought severity indices (DSI) with a mean of 0.28, median of 0.14, and range of 0.01 to 0.91. Additionally, we trained and fine-tuned a large language model (LLM) based on PLLaMA7BInstruct, called AgriLLaMA, for automated agronomic report generation from Drought-Spec-Net outputs. The generated reports summarize predicted stress levels, mapped potential yield impacts, and preliminary management considerations. This integrated approach not only improves early drought stress detection but also delivers quantitative and interpretable estimates of potential productivity losses, providing a complete framework connecting physiological stress detection to actionable agricultural outcomes.

plant biology↗
bioRxiv2026

BSA101: Unlocking Historical Mutant Collections with BSA-Seq

Forward genetics is a powerful approach for gene discovery, but identifying causal mutations becomes difficult when mutants are maintained in heterogeneous populations with uncertain pedigrees. This is exemplified by classical tasselseed (ts) mutants, which have long served as a genetic model for studying sex determination and carpel suppression. Decades of repeated outcrossing to diverse inbred lines have created substantial genetic heterogeneity, limiting the effectiveness of conventional bulked-segregant analysis sequencing (BSA-Seq). To address this, we developed a BSA-Seq framework that integrates flexible experimental designs, multiple reference genomes, and complementary statistical methods tailored for genetically heterogeneous populations. Applying this framework revealed that reference genome selection is critical for mapping success and that Euclidean distance raised to the fourth power (ED4) outperformed homozygosity mapping (HM). Furthermore, the framework enables simultaneous mapping of multiple mutations within a single population, eliminating the need for additional mapping populations. Applying this framework to 26 ts mutant stocks from the Maize Genetics Cooperation Stock Center, we successfully mapped 24 mutants to genomic intervals containing known ts genes, while the remaining mutants mapped to distinct genomic intervals, defining novel candidate regions underlying carpel suppression. Together, these results demonstrate that historical mutant collections represent an underutilized resource for gene discovery and establish a generalizable mapping strategy for unlocking their genetic potential across diverse species.

plant biology↗