Hydrodynamic Circulation, Ecological Drift, and Homogeneous Selection Shape Microbial Communities and Biogeochemical Cycling in Lake Ontario

Abstract

The Laurentian Great Lakes hold 21% of the worlds surface freshwater and supply drinking water to nearly 40 million people. We provide the first evidence that wind-driven upwelling restructures microbial communities in Lake Ontario, with its effects sustained and redistributed by an internal Kelvin wave propagating along the shoreline. We combine 16S rRNA metabarcoding, absolute abundance quantification via flow cytometry, and hydrodynamic profiling to link physical processes to community composition. While thermal stratification organizes microbial communities by depth and season, this vertical structure arises from contrasting mechanisms: homogenizing selection in surface waters and dispersal limitation and drift in the hypolimnion. Kelvin wave-driven upwelling disrupts this scaffold, displacing rare taxa into the surface and creating novel coastal communities predicted to be enriched in methane oxidation and sulfur metabolism genes--functional traits absent elsewhere in the lake. We observed a Kelvin wave lasting over two weeks and propagating eastward at [~]60 km day-{superscript 1}. Given the [~]10-12 day recurrence of wind events during the stratified season, at any time at least one segment of Lake Ontarios coastline is experiencing upwelling. These recurrent upwellings, sustained and redistributed by Kelvin waves, remodel microbial communities on ecologically relevant timescales. They act as a biological disturbance overriding stratification, mobilizing rare functional potential, and assembling novel coastal microbial communities. As climate change lengthens and intensifies stratified periods and reshapes large-lake circulation, understanding how physical forcing governs microbial assembly is essential for forecasting the biogeochemical future of Earths great lakes--especially in shoreline zones where ecological shifts directly affect human communities.