Small or absent Visual Word Form Area is a trait of dyslexia

Abstract

Understanding the balance between plastic and persistent traits in the dyslexic brain is critical for developing effective interventions. This longitudinal intervention study examines the Visual Word Form Area in dyslexic and typical readers, exploring how this key component of the brains reading circuitry changes with learning. We find that children with dyslexia show significant differences in Visual Word Form Area presence, size, and tuning properties compared to typical readers. While reading intervention improves reading skills and increases Visual Word Form Area size, disparities persist a year later, suggesting that Visual Word Form Area abnormalities are enduring traits of dyslexia. Our results reveal long-term neural and behavioral changes, while also elucidating stable differences in the functional architecture of the dyslexic brain. This work provides comprehensive insights into the potential and limitations of short-term learning-induced plasticity in human visual cortex.