Adaptation and acclimation of gametophytic traits to heat stress in a widely distributed wild plant along a steep climatic gradient

Abstract

O_LIClimate change-induced heat waves often result in reduced seed yields and quality via high-temperature effects in the gametophytic phase. Surprisingly, the ability of pollen and ovules, particularly among wild plant populations, to adapt or acclimate to heat stress remains poorly understood. C_LIO_LITo address this gap, we examined the adaptive and acclimation potential of six gametophytic traits in eleven distinct populations of wild Silene vulgaris across a temperature gradient in Europe. First, we cultivated plants in a common garden to reveal differences in gametophytic traits indicative of adaptation. Next, we assessed the acclimation potential of these traits to heat stress by subjecting flowering plants to two chronic heat stress (CHS) treatments: moderate (35/30 {degrees}C) and severe (40/35 {degrees}C), for 18 days. C_LIO_LIFindings from the common garden experiment indicated no intraspecific variation in gametophytic traits across the temperature gradient, suggesting that these traits may not influence the plants sexual adaptation to its local habitat. Plants originating from colder climates produced more and larger seeds than those from warmer climates. During CHS treatments, the female gametophyte was less temperature sensitive compared to the male gametophyte. Moderate CHS led to larger ovaries with more, large-sized ovules, while severe CHS reduced ovule numbers but increased their size. In contrast, both CHS treatments decreased pollen grain numbers, size, and anther length, with severe CHS causing more significant reductions. These reductions in gametophytic traits ultimately translated to lower seed yield and quality, which may threaten the sustained existence of natural plant populations over time. Under both CHS treatments, the acclimation potential did not vary among plant populations along the temperature gradient, except for pollen size under severe CHS, with larger pollen size in warmer climates than in colder regions. C_LIO_LIOur findings suggest that the lack of adaptation and acclimation mechanisms in the gametophytic traits (except for pollen size) of wild Silene vulgaris populations along the temperature gradient indicates that these plants may rely on alternative strategies, such as shifts in flowering time, to respond to thermal stress. C_LI