Tension-induced suppression of allosteric conformational changes explains coordinated stepping of kinesin-1

Abstract

The dimeric motor protein kinesin-1 walks along microtubules by alternating ATP hydrolysis and movement of its two motor domains ("head"). The detached head preferentially binds to the forward tubulin-binding site after ATP binds to the microtubule-bound head, but the mechanism preventing premature binding to the microtubule while the partner head awaits ATP remains unknown. Here, we examined the role of the neck linker, the segment connecting the two heads, in this mechanism. High-resolution structural analyses of the nucleotide-free head revealed a bulge just ahead of the neck linkers base that creates an asymmetric constraint on its mobility. While the neck linker can stretch freely backward, it must navigate around this bulge to extend forward. Based on this finding, we hypothesized that premature binding of the tethered head is suppressed by an intolerable increase in neck linker tension. Molecular dynamic simulations and single-molecule fluorescent assays supported this model. These findings demonstrate a tension-based regulation mechanism where off-pathway conformational transitions are thermodynamically suppressed through entropy loss associated with neck linker stretching, suggesting that neck linker tension influences the allosteric conformational transition rather than directly affecting the nucleotide state.