Novel Mouse Model of Alternating Hemiplegia of Childhood Exhibits Prominent Motor and Seizure Phenotypes

Abstract

Pathogenic variants in ATP1A3 encoding the neuronal Na/K-ATPase cause a spectrum of neurodevelopmental disorders including alternating hemiplegia of childhood (AHC). Three recurrent ATP1A3 variants are associated with approximately half of known AHC cases and mouse models of two of these variants (p.D801N, p.E815K) replicated key features of the human disorder, which include paroxysmal hemiplegia, dystonia and seizures. Epilepsy occurs in 40-50% of individuals affected with AHC, but detailed investigations of seizure phenotypes were limited in the previously reported mouse models. Using gene editing, we generated a novel AHC mouse expressing the third most recurrent ATP1A3 variant (p.G947R) to model neurological phenotypes of the disorder. Heterozygous Atp1a3-G947R (Atp1a3G947R) mice on a pure C57BL/6J background were born at a significantly lower frequency than wildtype (WT) littermates, but in vitro fertilization or outcrossing to a different strain (C3HeB/FeJ) generated offspring at near-Mendelian genotype ratios, suggesting a defect in reproductive fitness rather than embryonic lethality. Heterozygous mutant mice were noticeably smaller and exhibited premature lethality, hyperactivity, anxiety-like behaviors, severe motor dysfunction including low grip strength, impaired coordination with abnormal gait and balance, and cooling-induced hemiplegia and dystonia. We also observed a prominent seizure phenotype with lower thresholds to chemically (flurothyl, kainic acid) and electrically induced seizures, post-handling seizures, sudden death following seizures, and abnormal EEG activity. Together, our findings support face validity of a novel AHC mouse model with quantifiable traits including co-morbid epilepsy that will be useful as an in vivo platform for investigating pathophysiology and testing new therapeutic strategies for this rare neurodevelopmental disorder.