Human MeCP2 binds to promoters and inhibits transcription in an unmethylated S. cerevisiae genome

Abstract

MeCP2 is a DNA-binding transcriptional regulator that is present at near-histone levels in mammalian cortical neurons. Originally identified as a DNA methylation reader, MeCP2 has been proposed to repress transcription by recruiting corepressors to methylated DNA. While some genome-wide occupancy studies support a preference for methylated DNA, others suggest that MeCP2 binding is more influenced by DNA sequence and accessibility than methylation status. Moreover, multiple studies also suggest a role for MeCP2 in gene activation. To clarify MeCP2 function we expressed MeCP2 in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, which lacks DNA methylation and known MeCP2 corepressors. We find that MeCP2 is toxic to yeast and globally inhibits transcription, indicating that MeCP2 can have significant functional impacts without DNA methylation or mammalian corepressors. A subset of MeCP2 mutations that cause the neurodevelopmental disorder Rett syndrome, particularly those that map to the DNA binding domain, alleviate the toxicity of MeCP2 in yeast. Consistent with the importance of DNA binding for toxicity in yeast, we show that MeCP2 binds to the yeast genome, with increased occupancy at GC-rich, nucleosome-depleted sequences. These findings present yeast as a useful tool for analyzing MeCP2 and reveal MeCP2 properties that are not strictly dependent on DNA methylation or mammalian corepressors. SummaryMeCP2, a transcription regulator found in vertebrates, is proposed to repress transcription by recruiting corepressors to methylated DNA. In this work Brown et al. show that MeCP2 expressed in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, which lacks DNA methylation and mammalian co-repressors, binds promoters and inhibits transcription. A subset of MeCP2 mutations that cause the neurodevelopmental disorder, Rett syndrome, rescues MeCP2-induced phenotypes in yeast, supporting the relevance of these results to MeCP2 function in mammals.