Structure-Based Design of a Highly Immunogenic, Conformationally Stabilized FimH Antigen for a Urinary Tract Infection Vaccine

Abstract

Adhesion of E. coli to the urinary tract epithelium is a critical step in establishing urinary tract infections. FimH is an adhesin positioned on the fimbrial tip which binds to mannosylated proteins on the urinary tract epithelium via its lectin domain (FimHLD). FimH is of interest as a target of vaccines to prevent urinary tract infections (UTI). Previously, difficulties in obtaining purified recombinant FimH from E. coli along with the poor inherent immunogenicity of FimH have hindered the development of effective FimH vaccine candidates. To overcome these challenges, we have devised a novel production method using mammalian cells to produce high yields of homogeneous FimH protein with comparable biochemical and immunogenic properties to FimH produced in E. coli. Next, to optimize conformational stability and immunogenicity of FimH, we used a computational approach to design improved FimH mutants and evaluated their biophysical and biochemical properties, and murine immunogenicity. This approach identified a highly immunogenic FimH variant (FimH-DSG TM) that is produced at high yields in mammalian cells. By x-ray crystallography, we confirmed that the stabilized structure of the FimHLD in FimH-DSG TM is similar to native FimH on the fimbrial tip. Characterization of monoclonal antibodies elicited by FimH-DSG TM that can block bacterial binding to mannosylated surfaces identified 4 non-overlapping binding sites whose epitopes were mapped via a combinatorial cryogenic electron microscopy approach. Novel inhibitory epitopes in the lectin binding FimH were identified, revealing diverse functional mechanisms of FimH-directed antibodies with relevance to FimH-targeted UTI vaccines. Author summaryEscherichia coli is the primary cause of urinary tract infections. Adherence to uroepithelial surfaces is mediated by the pilus adhesin protein FimH, which is of interest as a vaccine candidate. We developed a method for producing recombinant FimH at bioprocess scale, previously a barrier to commercial development. Structure-based design and screening was used to identify a novel FimH vaccine candidate with improved stability and immunogenicity in mice. Structure of this full-length protein was determined by X-ray crystallography and shown to closely resemble the pilus adhesin present in its native form on the bacterial surface. Binding sites of biologically active FimH monoclonal antibodies were determined by X-ray crystallography or by cryo-electron microscopy, providing insights into mechanisms by which antibodies block binding of the bacteria to urinary tract receptors. One sentence summaryStructure-based design of a conformationally stabilized E. coli FimH vaccine candidate capable of eliciting antibodies to diverse epitopes with the ability to block bacterial binding to bladder epithelial cells.