Rac1 and Nectin3 are essential for PCP-directed axon guidance in the peripheral auditory system

Abstract

Our sense of hearing is critically dependent on the spiral ganglion neurons (SGNs) that connect the sound receptors in the organ of Corti (OC) to the cochlear nuclei of the hindbrain. Type I SGNs innervate inner hair cells (IHCs) to transmit sound signals, while type II SGNs (SGNIIs) innervate outer hair cells (OHCs) to detect moderate-to-intense sound. During development, SGNII afferents make a characteristic 90-degree turn toward the base of the cochlea and innervate multiple OHCs. It has been shown that the Planar Cell Polarity (PCP) pathway acts non-autonomously to mediate environmental cues in the cochlear epithelium for SGNII afferent turning towards the base. However, the underlying mechanisms are unknown. Here, we present evidence that PCP signaling regulates multiple downstream effectors to influence cell adhesion and the cytoskeleton in cochlear supporting cells (SCs), which serve as intermediate targets of SGNII afferents. We show that the core PCP gene Vangl2 regulates the localization of the small GTPase Rac1 and the cell adhesion molecule Nectin3 at SC-SC junctions through which SGNII afferents travel. Through in vivo genetic analysis, we also show that loss of Rac1 or Nectin3 partially phenocopied SGNII peripheral afferent turning defects in Vangl2 mutants, and that Rac1 plays a non-autonomous role in this process in part by regulating PCP protein localization at the SC-SC junctions. Additionally, epistasis analysis indicates that Nectin3 and Rac1 likely act in the same genetic pathway to control SGNII afferent turning. Together, these experiments identify Nectin3 and Rac1 as novel regulators of PCP-directed SGNII axon guidance in the cochlea. Significance statementPlanar Cell Polarity (PCP) signaling plays a non-autonomous role in the guidance of type II spiral ganglion neuron (SGNII) afferent projections that innervate cochlear hair cells. However, little is known about the underlying mechanisms. Here, we identify the small GTPase Rac1 and the cell adhesion molecule Nectin3 as two downstream effectors of PCP signaling in SGNII afferent guidance. We show that PCP signaling regulates Rac1 and Nectin3 localization in cochlear supporting cells that serve as intermediate targets for SGNII afferents and that Rac1 and Nectin3 likely act in the same genetic pathway to non-autonomously regulate SGNII afferent guidance. These findings significantly advance our understanding of auditory circuit assembly and shed light on PCP-directed axon guidance mechanisms.