CodY controls the SaeR/S two-component system by modulating branched-chain fatty acid synthesis in Staphylococcus aureus

Abstract

Staphylococcus aureus is a Gram-positive, opportunistic human pathogen that is a leading cause of skin and soft tissue infections and invasive disease worldwide. Virulence in this bacterium is tightly controlled by a network of regulatory factors. One such factor is the global regulatory protein CodY. CodY links branched-chain amino acid sufficiency to the production of surface-associated and secreted factors that facilitate immune evasion and subversion. Our previous work revealed that CodY regulates virulence factor gene expression indirectly in part by controlling the activity of the SaeRS two-component system. While this is correlated with an increase in membrane anteiso-15:0 and -17:0 branched-chain fatty acids (BCFAs) derived from isoleucine, the true mechanism of control has remained elusive. Herein, we report that CodY-dependent regulation of SaeS sensor kinase activity requires BCFA synthesis. During periods of nutrient sufficiency, BCFA synthesis and Sae TCS activity is heavily suppressed by CodY-dependent repression of the ilv-leu operon and the isoleucine-specific permease gene brnQ2. In a codY null mutant, which simulates extreme nutrient limitation, de-repression of ilv-leu and brnQ2 directs the synthesis of enzymes in redundant de novo and import pathways to catalyze the production of BCFA precursors. Overexpression of brnQ2 independent of CodY is sufficient to increase membrane anteiso BCFAs, Sae-dependent promoter activity, and SaeR[~]P levels. Our results further clarify the molecular mechanism by which CodY controls virulence in S. aureus. IMPORTANCEExpression of bacterial virulence genes often correlates with the exhaustion of nutrients, but how the signaling of nutrient availability and the resulting physiological responses are coordinated is unclear. In S. aureus, CodY controls the activity of two major regulators of virulence - the Agr and Sae two-component systems - by unknown mechanisms. This work identifies a mechanism by which CodY controls the activity of the sensor kinase SaeS by modulating the flux of anteiso branched-chain amino acids to the membrane. Understanding the mechanism adds to our understanding of how bacterial physiology and metabolism are linked to virulence and underscores the homeostatic nature of virulence. Understanding the mechanism also opens potential avenues for targeted therapeutic strategies against S. aureus infections.