Plasma membrane and cytoplasmic compartmentalization: a dynamic structural framework required for pollen tube tip growth

Abstract

Rapid, unidirectional pollen tube tip growth is essential for fertilization and is widely employed as a model of polar cell expansion, a process crucial for plant morphogenesis. Different proteins and lipids with key functions in the control of polar cell expansion are associated with distinct domains of the plasma membrane (PM) at the pollen tube tip. These domains need to be dynamically maintained during tip growth, which depends on massive secretory and endocytic membrane traffic. Very little is currently known about the regulatory and cellular mechanisms responsible for the compartmentalization of the pollen tube PM. To provide a reliable structural framework for the further characterization of these mechanisms, an integrated quantitative map was compiled of the relative positions in normally growing tobacco pollen tubes of PM domains 1) enriched in key signaling proteins or lipids, 2) displaying high membrane order, or 3) in contact with cytoplasmic structures playing important roles in apical membrane traffic. Previously identified secretory and endocytic PM domains were also included into this map. Internalization of regulatory proteins or lipids associated with PM regions overlapping with the endocytic domain was assessed based on brefeldin A (BFA) treatment. These analyses revealed remarkable aspects of the structural organization of tobacco pollen tube tips, which enhance our understanding of tip growth by providing important insights into 1) RAC/ROP signaling, 2) phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PI4,5P2) metabolism and functions, 3) trafficking of signaling lipids, 4) functions of domains displaying high membrane order, and 5) Ca2+ regulation of secretion. SummaryQuantitative mapping of plasma membrane and cytoplasmic domains at the tip of elongating tobacco pollen provides important insights into regulatory and cellular mechanisms essential for tip growth.