Single cell RNA sequencing of nc886, a non-coding RNA transcribed by RNA polymerase III, with a primer spike-in strategy

Abstract

Single cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) has emerged as a versatile tool in biology, enabling comprehensive genomic-level characterization of individual cells. Currently, most scRNA-seq methods generate barcoded cDNAs by capturing polyA tails of mRNAs, which excludes many non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs), especially those transcribed by RNA polymerase III (Pol III). Although previously thought to be expressed constitutively, Pol III-transcribed ncRNAs are expressed variably in healthy and disease states and play important roles therein, necessitating their profiling at the single cell level. In this study, we have developed a measurement protocol for nc886 as a model case, as an initial step for scRNA-seq for Pol III-transcribed ncRNAs. Specifically, we spiked in an oligo-tagged nc886-specific primer during the polyA tail capture process for the 5-reading in scRNA-seq. We then produced sequencing libraries for standard 5 gene expression and oligo-tagged nc886 separately, to accommodate different cDNA sizes and ensure undisturbed transcriptome analysis. We applied this protocol in three cell lines which express high, low, and zero levels of nc886, respectively. Our results show that the identification of oligo tags exhibited limited target specificity, and sequencing reads of nc886 enabled the correction of non-specific priming. These findings suggest that gene-specific primers (GSPs) can be employed to capture RNAs lacking a polyA tail, with subsequent sequence verification ensuring accurate gene expression counting. Moreover, we embarked on an analysis of differentially expressed genes in cell line sub-clusters with differential nc886 expression, demonstrating variations in gene expression phenotypes. Collectively, the primer spike-in strategy allows us for a combined analysis of ncRNAs and gene expression phenotype.