A fur plucking model to study herpes simplex virus reactivation and recurrent disease

Abstract

Herpes simplex viruses (HSV-1 and HSV-2) most commonly cause ulcerative epithelial lesions (cold sores, genital herpes). Importantly, HSV establishes life-long persistent (latent) infection in sensory neurons. Reactivation from latency produces recurrent epithelial lesions, which constitute the greatest burden of HSV disease in people. The mechanisms that regulate latency and reactivation remain poorly understood, in part due to limitations in the animal models available for studying HSV reactivation. We have developed a simple and tractable model to induce HSV-1 and HSV-2 reactivation from latently infected sensory ganglia. We infected C57BL/6 mice with 1 x 106 FFU of HSV-1 (strain NS) or 500 FFU of HSV-2 (strain 333) on flank skin depilated by manual plucking. 35 days post-infection (dpi) we re-plucked the fur from the infected flank and observed recurrent lesions in the same dermatome as the primary infection. We detected HSV DNA in dermatome skin through 4 days post-re-plucking. We found that shaving the ipsilateral flank or plucking the contralateral flank did not induce recurrent skin lesions, suggesting that fur plucking is a specific stimulus that induces HSV reactivation. Further, we were able to induce multiple rounds of plucking induced recurrent disease, providing a model to investigate the lifelong nature of HSV infection. This new model provides a tractable system for studying pathogenic mechanisms of and therapeutic interventions against HSV reactivation and recurrent disease.