The staphylococcal type VII secretion system impacts daptomycin sensitivity through controlling bacterial cell envelope integrity

Abstract

The human pathogen Staphylococcus aureus encodes a specialised type VII secretion system (T7SS), which plays an important role in bacterial virulence during infection. However, the functions the T7SS during infection and in bacterial physiology remain unclear. Here we demonstrate that S. aureus strains lacking the the T7SS effector EsxC ({Delta}esxC) was highly sensitive to the important last resort drug, daptomycin, as well as other membrane-targeting antibiotics, including gramicidin and bithionol. To understand how EsxC mediates increased antibiotic sensitivity, we investigated its functions in the staphylococcal cell envelope. Scanning electron microscopy analysis of an esxC mutant revealed a distinct cell surface morphology. Interestingly, {Delta}esxC displayed a decrease in membrane fluidity, altered membrane protein profiles and altered cell wall synthesis. The esxC mutant demonstrated enhanced daptomycin binding which correlated with the increased negative charge of mutant membranes. Calcium ions, which can bind membranes affecting charge, impacted growth of {Delta}esxC and sensitivity to daptomycin, suggesting that EsxC may modulate calcium binding to membranes. Furthermore, the esxC mutant displayed a heightened susceptibility to daptomycin during intracellular infection, and in a murine skin infection model. Thus, our data show that the T7SS effector EsxC impacts sensitivity of S. aureus to membrane-acting drugs such as daptomycin through modulation of cell membrane integrity, indicating its potential as a drug target. Author SummaryT7SS has a range of functions in bacteria including specific roles in bacterial physiology including DNA uptake, membrane integrity and bacterial development. In S. aureus T7SS has been shown to be critical for bacterial virulence, intra-species competition and in host cell interactions, although their functions in bacterial physiology are not clear. Here we report a role of the staphylococcal T7SS effector EsxC in the modulation of the cell membrane and surface integrity, which impacts the activity of membrane targeting drugs like daptomycin. Our data indicate that targeting this system could potentially enhance activity of existing therapeutic agents.