Neglected consequences of spatio-temporal heterogeneity and dispersal: Metapopulations, the inflationary effect, and real-world consequences for public health

Abstract

The metapopulation perspective is an important conceptual framework in ecology and evolutionary ecology. Metapopulations are spatially distributed populations linked by dispersal. Both metapopulation models and their community and ecosystem level analogues, metacommunity and meta-ecosystem models, tend to be more stable regionally than locally and display enhanced abundance because of the interplay of spatiotemporal heterogeneity and dispersal (an effect that has been called the "inflationary effect"). We highlight the essential role of spatiotemporal heterogeneity in metapopulation biology, sketch empirical demonstrations of the inflationary effect, and provide a mechanistic interpretation of how the inflationary effect arises and impacts population growth and abundance. We illustrate the effect with examples from the spread of infectious disease. Namely, failure to recognize the full possible effects of spatiotemporal heterogeneity likely enhanced the spread of COVID-19, a failure based on lack of understanding of emergent population processes at large scales which may hamper control and eradication of other infectious diseases. We finish by noting how the effects of spatiotemporal heterogeneity have implicitly played roles in the history of ecology, ranging across subdisciplines as diverse as natural enemy-victim dynamics, species coexistence, and conservation biology. Seriously confronting the complexity of spatiotemporal heterogeneity could push many of these subdisciplines forward.