The chromatin modulating NSL complex regulates genes and pathways genetically linked to Parkinsons disease

Abstract

Genetic variants conferring risk for Parkinsons disease have been highlighted through genome-wide association studies, yet exploration of their specific disease mechanisms is lacking. Two Parkinsons disease candidate genes, KAT8 and KANSL1, identified through genome-wide studies and a PINK1-mitophagy screen, encode part of the histone acetylating non-specific lethal complex. This complex localises to the nucleus, where it has a role in transcriptional activation, and to mitochondria, where it has been suggested to have a role in mitochondrial transcription. In this study, we sought to identify whether the non-specific lethal complex has potential regulatory relationships with other genes associated with Parkinsons disease in human brain. Correlation in the expression of non-specific lethal genes and Parkinsons disease-associated genes was investigated in primary gene co-expression networks utilising publicly available transcriptomic data from multiple brain regions (provided by the Genotype-Tissue Expression Consortium and UK Brain Expression Consortium), whilst secondary networks were used to examine cell-type specificity. Reverse engineering of gene regulatory networks generated regulons of the complex, which were tested for heritability using stratified linkage disequilibrium score regression and then validated in vitro using the QuantiGene multiplex assay. Significant clustering of non-specific lethal genes was revealed alongside Parkinsons disease-associated genes in frontal cortex primary co-expression modules. Both primary and secondary co-expression modules containing these genes were enriched for mainly neuronal cell types. Regulons of the complex contained Parkinsons disease-associated genes and were enriched for biological pathways genetically linked to disease. When examined in a neuroblastoma cell line, 41% of prioritised gene targets showed significant changes in mRNA expression following KANSL1 or KAT8 perturbation. In conclusion, genes encoding the non-specific lethal complex are highly correlated with and regulate genes associated with Parkinsons disease. Overall, these findings reveal a potentially wider role for this protein complex in regulating genes and pathways implicated in Parkinsons disease.