The C. elegans Anchor Cell Transcriptome: Ribosome Biogenesis Drives Cell Invasion through Basement Membrane

Abstract

Cell invasion through basement membrane (BM) barriers is important in development, immune function, and cancer progression. As invasion through BM is often stochastic, capturing gene expression profiles of cells actively transmigrating BM in vivo remains elusive. Using the stereotyped timing of C. elegans anchor cell (AC) invasion, we generated an AC transcriptome during BM breaching. Through a focused RNAi screen of transcriptionally enriched genes, we identified new invasion regulators, including TCTP (Translationally Controlled Tumor Protein). We also discovered gene enrichment of ribosomal proteins. AC-specific RNAi, endogenous ribosome labeling, and ribosome biogenesis analysis revealed a burst of ribosome production occurs shortly after AC specification, which drives the translation of proteins mediating BM removal. Ribosomes also strongly localize to the ACs endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and the endomembrane system expands prior to invasion. We show that AC invasion is sensitive to ER stress, indicating a heightened requirement for translation of ER trafficked proteins. These studies reveal key roles for ribosome biogenesis and endomembrane expansion in cell invasion through BM and establish the AC transcriptome as a resource to identify mechanisms underlying BM transmigration.