Dietary fibre controls blood pressure and cardiovascular risk by lowering large intestinal pH and activating the proton-sensing receptor GPR65

Abstract

High blood pressure (BP) is the most common cause of death globally, due to increasing the risk of cardiovascular diseases. Dietary fiber regulates BP through gut microbial production of acidic metabolites known as short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs). The specific mechanisms of how SCFAs regulate BP are still emerging. In a phenome-wide association study, we identified that the proton-sensing G-protein-coupled receptor GPR65 gene is associated with hypertension and its associated end-organ damage phenotypes. We hypothesized that acidic metabolites produced from the gut microbiota may activate GPR65, thus conferring BP regulating effects. We found that dietary fiber levels determined the luminal and interstitial tissue pH in the large intestine through production of SCFAs by the gut microbiota. We identified that low pH produced by high fiber intake, acting via GPR65 signaling, increased cAMP production and phosphorylation of CREB, and restricted the production of hypertension-promoting inflammatory cytokines by CD8+ T cells. Gpr65-/- mice spontaneously developed higher BP, cardiac and renal hypertrophy and fibrosis. We showed that the benefits of a diet high in fiber, which prevented hypertension and associated end-organ damage, were decreased in Gpr65-/- mice. Finally, adoptive transfers revealed that GPR65 deficiency in CD8+ T cells causally explained this phenotype. In conclusion, we showed that pH sensing by GPR65 in CD8+ T cells mediates much of the cardiovascular benefits of dietary fiber. pH sensing represents a novel gene-by-environment interaction of gut microbiota-to-host biological effects and may form the basis for new therapeutic strategies for hypertension.