Temporal changes in the individual size distribution decouple long-term trends in abundance, biomass, and energy use of North American breeding bird communities

Abstract

AimA core objective of contemporary biodiversity science is to understand long-term trends in the structure and function of ecological communities. Different currencies of ecological function - specifically, total abundance, total standing biomass, and total metabolic flux - are naturally linked, but may become decoupled if the underlying size structure of a system changes. Here, we seek to establish how changes in community size composition modulate long-term relationships between different currencies of ecological function for North American birds. LocationNorth America, north of Mexico. Time period1988-2018. Major taxa studiedBreeding birds. MethodsWe used species traits and allometric scaling to estimate individual size measurements and basal metabolic rate for birds observed in the North American Breeding Bird Survey. We compared the long-term trajectories for community-wide standing biomass and energy use to the long-term trends driven by changes in individual abundance alone. Finally, we used dissimilarity metrics to evaluate the link between changes in species and size composition and changes in the relationship between abundance- and size-driven dynamics. ResultsFor a substantial minority of communities, shifts in community size composition have decoupled the long-term dynamics of biomass, energy use, and individual abundance. While trends in abundance were dominated by decreases, trends in biomass were evenly divided between decreases and increases, and trends in energy use featured more increases than expected given changes in abundance alone. Communities with decoupled dynamics showed greater increases in community-wide mean body size than other communities, but did not differ from other communities in overall turnover in species or size composition. Main conclusionsSize- and abundance-based currencies of ecological function are linked, but not necessarily equivalent. For North American breeding birds, shifts in species composition favoring larger-bodied species may have partially offset declines in standing biomass driven by losses of individuals over the past 30 years.