Differential Effects of Mutations of Popeye Domain Containing Proteins on Heteromeric Interaction and Membrane Trafficking

Abstract

BackgroundThe Popeye domain containing (POPDC) genes encode sarcolemma-localised cAMP effector proteins. Mutations in BVES (POPDC1) and POPDC2 have been associated with limb-girdle muscular dystrophy and cardiac arrhythmia. Muscle biopsies of affected patients display impaired membrane trafficking of both POPDC isoforms. MethodsBiopsy material of patients carrying mutations in BVES were immunostained with POPDC antibodies. The interaction of POPDC proteins was investigated by co-precipitation, proximity ligation, bioluminescence resonance energy transfer and bimolecular fluorescence complementation. Site-directed mutagenesis was utilised to map the domains involved in protein interaction. FindingsPatients carrying a novel homozygous variant, BVES (c.547G>T, p.V183F) displayed only a skeletal muscle pathology and a mild impairment of membrane trafficking of both POPDC isoforms. This is in contrast to variants such as BVES p.Q153X or POPDC2 p.W188X, which were associated with a greater impairment of membrane trafficking. Co-transfection analysis in HEK293 cells revealed that POPDC proteins interact with each other through a helix-helix interface located at the C-terminus of the Popeye domain. Site-directed mutagenesis of an array of ultra-conserved hydrophobic residues demonstrated that some of them are required for membrane trafficking of the POPDC1-POPDC2 complex. InterpretationMutations in POPDC proteins that cause an impairment in membrane localisation affect POPDC complex formation while mutations which leave the protein interaction intact likely affect some other essential function of POPDC proteins. FundingThis study was funded by an EPSRC/British Heart Foundation co-funded Imperial Institute of Chemical Biology (ICB) Centre for Doctoral Training (CDT) PhD studentship (EP/S023518/1), a project grant of the British Heart Foundation (PG19/13/34247) and the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DE1482/9-1). Research in ContextO_ST_ABSEvidence before this studyC_ST_ABSSeveral biallelic missense and nonsense variants in BVES (POPDC1) have been described and are associated with heart and skeletal muscle disease. Skeletal muscle biopsies of homozygous carriers of these variants display a loss of sarcolemmal localisation of POPDC1 and POPDC2. Added value of this studyWe demonstrate that POPDC1 and POPDC2 form a heteromeric complex and that complex formation is required for plasma membrane trafficking of POPDC proteins. Transfection of different disease variants in HEK293 cells replicates their defective membrane targeting observed in biopsy material. Structural modelling and site-directed mutagenesis identifies an interface of strongly conserved hydrophobic residues in POPDC proteins, which likely mediate the interaction of POPDC proteins. Implications of all the available evidenceThese data provide novel insight into the membrane targeting requirements of POPDC proteins. We recommend testing the membrane targeting properties of any novel variant in POPDC isoforms using a newly developed co-transfection assay in HEK293 cells to characterise its pathogenicity. Our novel insight into the requirement of heterodimerization for proper membrane targeting may also offer novel opportunities to treat patients carrying mutations in POPDC proteins.