Prevalence and public health significance of Lyssavirus in bats in North region of Cameroon

Abstract

BackgroundRabies is a zoonotic disease of all warm-blooded animals including humans. Though, there is little knowledge of the status of rabies in wild animals in Cameroon, the disease is endemic in the country with dogs being the main source of transmission. Bat habitats are widespread in Cameroon, but there is little information on the prevalence of rabies-like viruses in bats, nor the role of bats as a potential reservoir of rabies. MethodsA cross sectional study was carried out to determine the prevalence and risk factors of Lyssavirus in bats in the Northern region of Cameroon. A total of 212 bats belonging to three families (Pteropodidae, Vespertilionidae, Molossidae) and 5 species were randomly sampled in 7 localities in the North of Cameroon and were tested for Lyssavirus antigen using direct Immunofluorescence Test (IFA). Overall, 57 (26.89%) of the bats collected showed an IFA positive reaction. The prevalence was higher (P<0.05) in adult bats (33.33%, 95% CI: 25.15 - 42.66) compared to young individuals (20.19%). The main risk factors identified in the study for human exposure to bats were gender (Male), educational level (tertiary), religion (Christianity), ethnic group (Matal), the presence of bats in the area, the practice of bat hunting and consumption and the level of awareness on bat rabies-like viruses. ConclusionThe study found the first evidence of Lyssavirus in bats in Cameroon. This finding revealed that bat rabies-like viruses are real and constitutes a potential human health problem in communities with bat habitats in the North region of Cameroon. Enhancing the level of public awareness and health education on the potential of bats as reservoirs of Lyssavirus in Cameroon as well as the integration of the "One Health" approach for effective management of animal and human rabies should be emphasized. Author summaryRabies is a zoonotic disease caused by a virus of the genus Lyssavirus. It affects all warm-blooded animals including humans. Canine and Human rabies are well documented as endemic in Cameroon, but little is known about this disease in wildlife, in particular among bats, despite their multiple interactions with the inhabitants of Northern Cameroon. Indeed, bats were hunted, sold and eaten as bush meat by local populations. We investigated the presence of Lyssavirus in bat and assessed the risk factors of human exposure to bats in the Northern region of Cameroon. The study highlights that Lyssavirus is present in bats in this area. The population was aware of human and canine rabies, however, the presence of the disease in bats was less known. Based on these findings, investigating bat populations on a large scale, to characterise the Lyssavirus strains circulating in the region, as well as educate the local population on the risks of rabies transmission from bats to humans and other animals.