An Azobenzene G-quadruplex Ligand Exhibits Promising Antibacterial Activity against Escherichia coli

Abstract

There is great need for novel strategies to tackle antimicrobial resistance, in particular in Gram-negative species such as Escherichia coli that cause opportunistic infections of already compromised patients. Here we demonstrate, following a screen of G-quadruplex (G4) ligand candidates, that a novel pyridinium-functionalized azobenzene L9 shows promising antibacterial activity (MIC values [≤] 4 g/mL) against multi-drug resistant E. coli. Tandem Mass Tag (TMT) proteomics of E. coli treated with sub-lethal concentrations of L9, identified that, consistent with its superior antibacterial activity, L9 treatment influences expression levels of more G4-associated proteins than the analogous ligands L5 (stiff-stilbene) or pyridostatin (PDS), and upregulates multiple essential proteins involved in translation. Biophysical analysis showed L9 binds potential target G4-containing sequences, identified from proteomic experiments and by bioinformatics, with variable affinity, in contrast to the two comparator G4 ligands (L5, PDS) that better stabilize G4 structures but have lower antimicrobial activity. Fluorescence microscopy-based Bacterial Cytological Profiling (BCP) suggests that the L9 mechanism of action is distinct from other antibiotic classes. These findings support strategies discovering potential G4 ligands as antibacterial candidates for priority targets such as multi-drug resistant E. coli, warranting their further exploration as potential novel therapeutic leads with G4-mediated modes of action. O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=106 SRC="FIGDIR/small/506212v2_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1"> View larger version (23K): org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@18197a0org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@109b120org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@14be8eeorg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@a97048_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP M_FIG C_FIG