Structure-activity relationship of 2,4-D correlates auxin activity with the induction of somatic embryogenesis in Arabidopsis thaliana

Abstract

2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) is a synthetic analogue of the plant hormone auxin that is commonly used in many in vitro plant regeneration systems, such as somatic embryogenesis (SE). Its effectiveness in inducing SE, compared to the natural auxin indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), has been attributed to the stress triggered by this compound rather than its auxin activity. However, this hypothesis has never been thoroughly tested. Here we used a library of 40 2,4-D analogues to test the structure-activity relationship with respect to the capacity to induce SE and auxin activity in Arabidopsis thaliana. Four analogues induced SE as effectively as 2,4-D and 13 analogues induced SE but were less effective. Based on root growth inhibition and auxin response reporter expression, the 2,4-D analogues were classified into different groups, ranging from very active auxins to not active. A halogen at the 4-position of the aromatic ring was important for auxin activity, whereas a halogen at the 3-position resulted in reduced activity. Moreover, a small substitution at the carboxylate chain was tolerated, as was extending the carboxylate chain with two but not with one carbon. In the process, we also identified two 2,4-D analogues as efficient inducers of adventitious root formation and several possible anti-auxins. The auxin activity of the 2,4-D analogues was consistent with their simulated TIR1-Aux/IAA coreceptor binding characteristics. A strong correlation was observed between SE induction efficiency and auxin activity, indicating that the stress-related effects triggered by 2,4-D that are considered important for SE induction are down-stream of auxin signaling.