The evolution of behavioral cues and signaling in displaced communication

Abstract

Displaced communication, whereby individuals communicate regarding a subject that is not immediately present (spatially or temporally), is one of the key innovations of human language. It also occurs in a few animal species, most notably the honeybee, where the waggle dance is used to communicate the location and quality of a patch of flowers. However, it is difficult to study how it emerged given the paucity of species displaying this capacity and the fact that it often occurs via complex multimodal signals. To address this issue, we developed a novel paradigm in which we conducted experimental evolution with foraging agents endowed with neural networks that regulate their movement and the production of signals. Displaced communication readily evolved but, surprisingly, agents did not use signal amplitude to convey information on food location. Instead, they used signal onset-delay and duration-based mode of communication, which depends on the motion of the agent within a communication area. When agents were experimentally prevented from using these modes of communication, they evolved to use signal amplitude instead. Interestingly, this mode of communication was more efficient and led to higher performance. Subsequent controlled experiments suggested that this more efficient mode of communication failed to evolve because it took more generations to emerge than communication grounded on the onset-delay and length of signaling. These results reveal that displaced communication is likely to initially evolve from non-communicative behavioral cues providing incidental information with evolution later leading to more efficient communication systems through a ritualization process. Author SummaryThe evolution of displaced communication, the process through which individuals share information about a remote object (in space or time), is a key innovation in language. By conducting experimental evolution we found that displaced communication is more likely to leverage and evolve from behavioural cues, such as the agents movement, rather than from dedicated communication modes, such as the amplitude of emitted signals. This phenomenon is shown to happen because communication via signal amplitude -although more efficient-is slower to evolve. The simple behaviors and neural networks of the agents studied here, also suggest that communication may evolve more frequently than expected via ritualization, a process whereby an action or behavior pattern in an animal loses its original function but is retained for its role in display or other social interactions.