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bioRxiv · 10.1101/2022.06.14.495949

Poison frog diet and chemical defense are influenced by availability and selectivity for ants

Abstract

The ability to use small molecule alkaloids as defensive chemicals, often acquired via trophic interactions, has evolved in many organisms. Animals with diet-derived defenses must balance food choices to maintain their defense reservoirs along with other physiological needs. Poison frogs accumulate skin alkaloids from their arthropod diet, but whether they show preference for specific prey remains unexplored. Here, we explore the role of leaf litter prey availability and diet preferences in shaping poison frog chemical defenses along a geographic gradient. We examined skin alkaloid composition, stomach contents and leaf litter ants in aposematic diablito frogs (Oophaga sylvatica) at five sites in northwestern Ecuador, and in sympatric, cryptic Chimbo rocket frogs (Hyloxalus infraguttatus) at one site. We found that differential availability of leaf litter ants influenced alkaloid profiles across diablito populations, and low levels of alkaloids were observed in the sympatric, undefended Chimbo rocket frog. Ants were the primary dietary component of the defended species, while undefended species ate other prey categories including beetles and larvae in addition to ants. A prey selection analysis suggested that defended and undefended frogs both feed on a high proportion of specific small ant genera that naturally contain alkaloids, suggesting that selectivity for toxic prey is not restricted to classically aposematic and highly toxic species. These findings suggest that poison frogs use of feeding resources relative to availability may be an understudied and important selection factor in the evolution of acquired defenses. ResumenLa capacidad de usar alcaloides como productos quimicos defensivos ha evolucionado en muchos organismos, a menudo a traves de interacciones troficas. Los animales con defensas que se derivan de la dieta deben balancear la seleccion de los alimentos para mantener sus reservas defensivas junto con otras necesidades fisiologicas. Las ranas venenosas acumulan alcaloides en la piel procedentes de su dieta de artropodos, pero aun no se ha explorado si muestran preferencia por presas especificas. En este estudio, investigamos el papel de la disponibilidad de presas en la hojarasca y las preferencias dietarias en la configuracion de las defensas quimicas de las ranas venenosas a lo largo de un gradiente geografico. Examinamos la composicion de alcaloides en la piel, el contenido estomacal y la presencia de hormigas de la hojarasca en ranas aposematicas diablito (Oophaga sylvatica) en cinco sitios del noroeste de Ecuador, asi como en la especie criptica y simpatrica rana cohete de Chimbo (Hyloxalus infraguttatus) en un sitio. Encontramos que la disponibilidad diferencial de hormigas en la hojarasca influyo en los perfiles de alcaloides en las poblaciones de diablito, y se detectaron niveles bajos de alcaloides en la rana cohete de Chimbo, previamente considerada indefensa. Las hormigas fueron el componente principal de la dieta en la especie defendida, mientras que la especie indefensa consumio otras categorias de presas, incluidos escarabajos y larvas, ademas de hormigas. Un analisis de seleccion de presas indico que tanto las ranas defendidas como las indefensas prefieren ciertos generos de hormigas pequenas que contienen alcaloides de forma natural, lo que sugiere que la preferencia por presas toxicas no esta restringida a especies clasicamente aposematicas y altamente toxicas. Estos hallazgos sugieren que las preferencias de comportamiento pueden ser un factor de seleccion poco estudiado, pero crucial, en la evolucion de las defensas adquiridas.

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BibTeXRIS

Moskowitz, N. A., Alvarez-Buylla, A., Morrison, C. R., Chamba, A., Renteria, J., Tapia, E. E., Coloma, L. A., Donoso, D. A., O'Connell, L. A.. 2022-06-16. Poison frog diet and chemical defense are influenced by availability and selectivity for ants. https://doi.org/10.1101/2022.06.14.495949

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