Prominent astrocytic alpha-synuclein pathology with unique post-translational modification signatures unveiled across Lewy body disorders

Abstract

Alpha-synuclein (aSyn) is a pre-synaptic monomeric protein that can form aggregates in neurons in Parkinsons disease (PD), Parkinsons disease with dementia (PDD) and dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB), and in oligodendrocytes in multiple system atrophy (MSA). Although the accumulation of aSyn in astrocytes has previously been described in PD, PDD and DLB, the biochemical properties of aSyn in this type of pathology and its topographical distribution have not been studied in detail. Here, we present a systematic investigation of aSyn astrocytic pathology, using an expanded toolset of antibodies covering the entire sequence and known post-translational modifications (PTMs) of aSyn in Lewy body (LB) disorders, including sporadic PD, PDD, DLB, familial PD with SNCA G51D mutation and SNCA duplication, and in MSA. Astrocytic aSyn was mainly detected in the limbic cortical regions of LB disorders, but were absent in key pathological regions of MSA. These astrocytic aSyn accumulations were detected only with aSyn antibodies against the mid N-terminal and non-amyloid component (NAC) regions covering aSyn residues 34-99. The astroglial accumulations were negative to canonical aSyn aggregation markers, including p62, ubiquitin and aSyn pS129, but positive for phosphorylated and nitrated forms of aSyn at Tyrosine 39 (Y39), and mostly not resistant to proteinase K. Our findings suggest that astrocytic aSyn accumulations are a major part of aSyn pathology in LB disorders, and possess a distinct sequence and PTM signature that is characterized by both N- and C-terminal truncations and modifications at Y39. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first description of aSyn accumulation made solely from N- and C-terminally cleaved aSyn species and the first report demonstrating that astrocytic aSyn exists as a mixture of Y39 phosphorylated and nitrated species. These observations underscore the critical importance of systematic characterization of aSyn accumulation in different cell types as a necessary step to capturing the diversity of aSyn species and pathology in the brain. Our findings combined with further studies on the role of astrocytic pathology in the progression of LB disorders can pave the way towards identifying novel disease mechanisms and therapeutic targets.