Autotaxin facilitates selective LPA receptor signaling

Abstract

Autotaxin (ATX; ENPP2) produces the lipid mediator lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) that signals through disparate EDG (LPA1-3) and P2Y (LPA4-6) G protein-coupled receptors. ATX/LPA promote several (patho)physiological processes, including in pulmonary fibrosis, thus serving as attractive drug targets. However, it remains unclear if clinical outcome depends on how different ATX inhibitors modulate the ATX/LPA signaling axis. Here, we show that inhibitors binding to the ATX "tunnel" specifically abrogate key aspects of ATX/LPA signaling. We find that the tunnel is essential for signaling efficacy and dictates cellular responses independent of ATX catalytic activity, with a preference for activation of P2Y LPA receptors. These responses are abrogated by tunnel-binding inhibitors, such as ziritaxestat, but not by inhibitors that exclusively target the active site, as shown in primary lung fibroblasts and a murine model of radiation-induced pulmonary fibrosis. Our results uncover a receptor-selective signaling mechanism for ATX, implying clinical benefit for tunnel-targeting ATX inhibitors. HighlightsATX is a dual-function protein acting as an LPA-producing enzyme and LPA chaperone. Structural integrity of the ATX tunnel is essential to mediate signaling functions. ATX-bound LPA signals preferentially via P2Y family LPA receptors. Occupancy of the ATX tunnel is crucial for ziritaxestat to exert inhibition in vivo.