A natural fusion of flavodiiron, rubredoxin, and NADH:rubredoxin oxidoreductase domains is the highly efficient water-forming oxidase of T. vaginalis

Abstract

Microaerophilic pathogens such as Giardia lamblia and Trichomonas vaginalis have robust oxygen consumption systems to detoxify oxygen and maintain the intracellular redox balance. This oxygen consumption is a result of the H2O-forming NADH oxidase activity of two distinct flavin-containing systems: H2O-forming NADH oxidases (NOXes) and multicomponent flavodiiron proteins (FDPs). Both systems are not membrane-bound and recycle NADH into oxidized NAD+ while simultaneously removing O2 from the local environment, making them crucial for the survival of human microaerophilic pathogens. In this study, using bioinformatic and biochemical analysis, we show that T. vaginalis lacks a NOX-like enzyme, and instead harbors three proteins that are very close in their amino acid sequence and represent a natural fusion between N-terminal FDP, central rubredoxin and C-terminal NADH:rubredoxin oxidoreductase domains. We demonstrate that this natural fusion protein with fully populated flavin redox centers unlike a "stand-alone" FDP (also present in T. vaginalis), directly accepts reducing equivalents of NADH to catalyze the four-electron reduction of O2 to water within a single polypeptide and with an extremely high turnover. Using single particle electron cryo-microscopy (cryo-EM) we present structural insight into the spatial organization of the FDP core within this multidomain fusion protein. Our studies represent an important addition to our understanding of systems that allow human protozoan parasites to maintain their optimal redox balance and survive transient exposure to oxic conditions.